Volume conversion units

The component factor gives the unit yield for each component and includes a volume conversion factor. The factors can be obtained from tables. 

Ca.ta.lysts, Catalyst performance is the most important factor in the economics of an oxidation process. It is measured by activity (conversion of reactant), selectivity (conversion of reactant to desked product), rate of production (production of desked product per unit of reactor volume per unit of time), and catalyst life (effective time on-stream before significant loss of activity or selectivity). 

It should be emphasized that for ideal tubular reactors, it is the total volume per unit of feed that determines the conversion level achieved. The ratio of the length of the tube to its diameter is irrelevant, provided that plug flow is maintained and that one uses the same flow rates and pressure-temperature profiles expressed in terms of reactor volume elements. 

We also need to perform a volume conversion. As with the mass conversion, there are many different correct volume conversions. In this case, the conversion will relate, in some way, to the length unit of feet. Thus, we might use 12 in = 1 ft. If we incorporate this, we get ... 

Vr = 50 cc/cm2, reactor volume per unit cross section (a) Find the conversion in a 50 cm depth of this composite bed. tb) Find the conversion in a 50 cm depth containing only particles of 0.32 cm diameter. 

A number of different sets of units are used throughout this volume. Conversions to SI units are as follows ... 

V is the sample volume and Vq the unit cell volume. Conversely... 

What is the volume per unit mass equal to What unit conversion would the volume per unit mass be useful for ... 

The basic units are those into which all values are converted when a calculation is conducted (kg for mass-bound substances and kJ for forms of energy). To facilitate the comparability with the inventory data, entry units were defined using a conversion formula and established as display units. In the inventory (Table 3.2) most of the substances were expressed in kg except for water and gas-oil, for which volume display units (m water and m gasoil, respectively) were defined using the density as conversion factor. Similarly, kWh was selected as display unit for electricity, wind power, and natural gas. 

In developing a process with a continuous cascade of stirred vessels, it should be remembered that the productivity (in terms of product per unit volume per unit time) is not optimized. Rather, the conversion (in terms of substrate utilization) is maximized. To clarify this, Fig. 6.20 (similar to Fig. 6.1a) is the diagram of a two-stage process (Herbert, 1964). One sees here that the productivity of the two-stage CSTR (Pr = D X2) is less than D x, but the use of substrate ( 2) is more complete than with a single stage CSTR (si). 

The power conversion system to produce electricity from the AHTR uses a multistage molten coolant gas cycle (MCGC)/ which is based on the GT-MHR power conversion unit (PCU). With similar power output, the MCGC system is expected to be more compact and, thus, provide the potential for major reductions in the turbine building volume and power conversion system capital cost for the AHTR relative to conventional systems that use a steam Rankine cycle. 

The quantity c nj(Nj is the concentration of analyte emerging from the last theoretical plate into the detector, so Equation [3.11] corresponds to the desired theoretical expression for Rd(V) for cases in which the chromatographic detector has a concentration dependent response (Section 4.4.8 and Appendix 4.1) UV-visible absorption detectors are an important example since their response is described by the Beer-Lambert Law, but elecirospray ion sources for mass spectrometers can also behave in this fashion in some circumstances (Section 5.3.6b). Electron ionization ion sources provide a response that is mass flux dependent (Section 4.4.8) however, for a fixed mobile phase flow rate U (volume per unit time), the conversion from c ni(N) to the mass flow rate is trivial and this distinction is not important in the discussion of the present Section although the practical imphcations are discussed in Section 5.3.6b. 

By using pressures in units of atm and volumes in units of L, we get a unit of work in L-atm. This is not a common work unit. The SI unit for work is the joule, J. However, using the various values of R from the previous chapter, it can be shown that 1 L-atm = 101.32 J. This conversion factor is very useful to get work into its proper SI units. If volume were expressed in units of m and pressure in pascals, units of joules would be obtained directly because... 

Cells can be mechanically stimulated by tensile, compressive, or shear forces. Force (F) is a vector with magnitude (mass times acceleration or F = ma) and direction. Tension is an applied force (or stress) external to the cell that pulls and causes it to elongate, and can also cause an increase in volume. Conversely, compression decreases the length of the cell. To apply compression, pressure is usually applied. Pressure (P) is a three-dimensional, isotropic, compressive stress that describes the force per unit area ... 

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