Voltage scaling

In dry oxidation we quantified the tendency for a material to oxidise in terms of the energy needed, in kj mol of O2, to manufacture the oxide from the material and oxygen. Because wet oxidation involves electron flow in conductors, which is easier to measure, the tendency of a metal to oxidise in solution is described by using a voltage scale rather than an energy one. 

Constant conduction heat pipes, 13 227 Constant failure rate, 13 167 Constant-field scaling, of FETs, 22 253, 254 Constant-modulus alloys, 17 101 Constant of proportionality, 14 237 Constant pressure heat capacity, 24 656 Constant rate drying, 9 103-105 Constant rate period, 9 97 23 66-67 Constant retard ratio (CRR) mode, 24 103 Constant slope condition, 24 136-137 Constant stress test, 13 472 19 583 Constant-voltage scaling, of FETs, 22 253 Constant volume heat capacity, 24 656 Constant volume sampling system (CVS), 10 33... 

Figure 30-11 (A) Action potential recorded with internal electrode from extruded axon filled with potassium sulfate (16°C). (B) Action potential of an intact axon, with same amplification and time scale (18°C). The voltage scale gives the potential of the internal electrode relative to its potential in the external solution with no correction for junction potential. From A. Hodgkin, Conduction of Nervous Impulses, 1964. Courtesy of Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, Illinois.

Fig. 3. Optimal current fluctuations (left panel) and feedback voltage (right panel) versus time for different conductors and different values of 7th//f. Each line corresponds to one point on the curves in figure 2. Note the different voltage scales. The labels stand for (branch ith/7f) (a) b+ l/5, (b) b+ l/10, (c) t- 1 /3, (d) d- 1 /3, (e) d- 2/3, (f) t- 2/3.

Here we consider results on short stacks with typical lateral size 1 pm x 1 pm and containing N = 30-70 elementary junctions. The high quality of the mesas has been approved by the Fraunhofer patterns of critical current Ic on parallel magnetic field with periodicity of one flux per elementary junction [11, 12], Fig 2 shows the I-V characteristics of the short stacked junctions in large and small voltage scales. 

Figure 4. The i-v curves for NaPSS under 100 V, 50 V, 20 V p -- 0.1. Frequency and voltage scales are the same as in Figure 2 i scales are 5/3 ma/div.,...

Voltage scales for HO radical and argon (standard) indicated on lower and upper scales, respectively... 

Fig. 15. Charging curve for an HOPG electrode in 97% sulfuric acid. / = 30 jiA. After Metrot et al. [137], Left voltage scale t/j vs. Hg/Hg2S04/18 m H2SO4. Right-hand scale Uu vs. SHE. Abscissa charge Q in coulombs per mole carbon. I, II and III are the stage numbers.

Figure 5.3 Oscillations of the overvoltage at constant current density t = - 65 pA cm on a quasiperfect cubic face of silver in the standard system Ag (100)/AgNO3 [5.6-5.9]. Tune scale 2 s div voltage scale 5 mV div. The product of the current density and the period of oscillations gives an amount of electricity equal to 9mon ...

Figure 2. Threshold voltage scaling with insulator thickness (t/Sj) for water droplets in silicone oil and air filler media.

Fig. 8 is for a symmetric reactor, i.e., one in which the two electrodes have the same area. Then the time-average potential distribution is symmetric as well, and there is no DC bias developed. In asymmetric reactors the time-average potential distribution looks much like the one in Fig. 6. In fact, assuming capacitive voltage division between the two sheaths, the time-average sheath voltage scales with the inverse electrode area ratio as [15]...

The threshold voltage scales with the cell thickness thus, the onset is characterized by a threshold field (not a voltage). 

Herb et al. have measured the threshold for the Li ( n) Be reaction as 1.882 MeV with an accuracy of 0.1%, and similar measurements for a number of resonant reactions establish a high voltage scale for the measurement and inter-comparison of nuclear reaction energies. 

Reaktionsenergien, Hochspannungsskala, high voltage scale for comparison of reaction energies 30. 

Fig. 11.21 The oscillating experimental curve I(U) right axis) is voltage dependent intensity of the light transmitted by the 50 pm thick planar nematic cell placed between crossed polarizers (the logarithmic voltage scale for /([/ j is the bottom axis). The pointed curve is the voltage dependence of phase retardation 5 calculated from curve I(U) with a Frederiks transition threshold at Uc (the scale for 5(1/) is on the top axis and its argument i.e. voltage is on the left axis)...

---