Voltage declared

This is to be determined at rated voltage and frequency and can be carried out between 0.9 to I. I times the rated voltage and 0.8 to 1.2 times the rated frequency. Permissible tolerances in capacitance from the declared values can be as follows ... 

The test can be performed at voltages and frequencies, as noted in (1) above. The value of tan 5 should not exceed the declared value. 

Directives are the European laws published in the Official Journal that give us the essential health and safety requirements (EHSRs) that shall be followed by product suppliers. These are commonly called the Essential Requirements (ERs). The directives deal with legal and procedural issues, such as assessment procedures, certification, implementation, enforcement, technical files, declarations, CE marking, and other basic concepts. Examples of primary directives are the Low-Voltage, Machinery, and EMC directives. The General Product Safety and Product Liability Directives are basic directives dealing with enforcement and civil prosecution that are applied to all products. The directives also mandate the publication and mutual recognition of harmonized standards. 

The regional electricity companies must declare the supply voltage and maintain its value between prescribed limits or tolerances. 

The next proposed change is for the tolerance levels to be adjusted to 10% of the declared nominal voltage (lET Regulation, Appendix 2 14). 

As an example, the requirements for a declaration of conformity fi om Annex III of the Low Voltage Directive are given below. In all cases, refer to the direc-tive(s) specific to the product to determine the actual requirements. 

Compliance with the Low Voltage and Machinery Directives will be self-declared following Module A eonformity assessment proeedure. For the EMC Directive the manufacturer has decided to include a notified body in the compliance process to review, underwrite and reinforce the manufacturer s EMC technical assessment. 

The declared phases, frequency and voltage and permitted frequency and voltage variation are in Regulation 30, but there is no requirement to provide a sine wave supply for a.c. or any limitation on ripple for d.c. supplies. 

The conductors should be adequately insulated for the declared voltage and to prevent leakage or short circuits between conductors or to earth. The conductors should be further protected against mechanical damage. The conductors should be protected against excess current. 

Anyhow, to guarantee the durability of the MEA, it is necessary to declare that such a voltage decay as in Fig. 6 does not appear within 40,000 or 90,000h. However, it is not easy to define the steady-state voltage when the flooding occurs, because it may take more than several thousand hours to reach the steady state therefore, it is considered that evaluation methods as well as a theoretical approach based on phenomenological modeling must be developed to meet the purpose. 

At first, a square-wave signal source, with an amplitude of 5 V and a frequency of 40 kHz, is defined in Line 10 in List 4.6, just after TAGS HYBRID declaration. The signal is defined by the TYPE-23 built-in source and a first-order transfer function (s-block) (Lines 12-14) to represent its rise and fall times. The output SIGIN is sent to the electrical part of the EMTP and is expressed as a voltage source by a TAGS-controlled source (TYPE-60, Line 79). 

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