Vitrify

Electron diffraction studies are usually limited to transferred films (see Chapter XV), One study on Langmuir films of fatty acids has used cryoelectron microscopy to fix the structures on vitrified water [179], Electron diffraction from these layers showed highly twinned structures in the form of faceted crystals. 

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can resolve features down to about 1 nm and allows the use of electron diffraction to characterize the structure. Since electrons must pass through the sample however, the technique is limited to thin films. One cryoelectron microscopic study of fatty-acid Langmuir films on vitrified water [13] showed faceted crystals. The application of TEM to Langmuir-Blodgett films is discussed in Chapter XV. 

Figure Bl.17.6. A protein complex (myosin SI decorated filamentous actin) embedded in a vitrified ice layer. Shown is a defociis series at (a) 580 mn, (b) 1130 mn, (c) 1700 mn and (d) 2600 mn underfocus. The pictures result from averagmg about 100 individual images from one electron micrograph the decorated filament length shown is 76.8 nm.

Dubochet J, Adrian M, Chang J, Homo J-C, Lepauit J, McDowaii A W and Schuitz P 1988 Cryo-eiectron microscopy of vitrified specimens Q. Rev. Biophys. 21 129-228... 

V—Vitrified S—Silicate R—Rubber RF—Rubber reinforced B—Resinoid BF—Resinoid reinforced E—Shellac O—Oxychloride... 

Sewage flows slowly downward over the filter medium and the effluent is coUected in vitrified tile underdrains which coUect the filter effluent and circulate air into the filter. The underdrains discharge into a main coUection channel which, in turn, discharges into the final settling tank. 

In foundry practice the same sand is used repeatedly. Because the high temperature of the metal dehydrates and vitrifies some of the clay, fresh clay must be added contiauously as the sand is used. The only completely adequate test for the satisfactory use of a clay ia bonding mol ding sands is the result obtained by actual use ia foundry practice. 

Vitrified-Clay Sewer Pipe This pipe is resistant to very dilute chemicals except hydrofluoric acid and is produced as standard-strength and extra-strength (ASTM C700). It is used for sewage, industrial waste, and storm water at atmospheric pressure. Elbows, Y branches, tees, reducers, and increasers are available. Assembly is by poured joints which allow for ample angular deflection. Joint com-... 

Crete piping systems can be lined with special salt-glazed vitrified-clay liner plates, joined with a die-cast aspnalt joint. Concrete pressure pipe is competitive with cement-lined ductile iron for underground plant water systems. 

Red and blue acid-resistant bricks are resistant to all inorganic and organic chemicals, except for hydrofluoric acid and hot concentrated caustic alkalis. Acid-resistant fireclay bricks are used for conditions involving elevating temperatures and corrosive condensates. Highly vitrified materials such as chemical stoneware, porcelain and basalts are used for extremely severe duties or where contamination of the process liquors is undesirable. 

Glasur-erz, n. alquifou. -farbe, /. overglaze color, -ofen, m. glaze kiln, glost oven, -stein, m. vitrified brick. 

Vergl., abbrev. (Vergleich) comparison, verglasbar, a. vitrifiable. 

Handling of Spent Nuclear Fuel and Final Storage of Vitrified High Level Reprocessing Waste" KambrSnslesakerhet Stockholm, 1977. 

The reaction is carried out under an inert atmosphere in an open crucible at approximately 830°C. Figure 1 shows typical equipment used for direct oxide reduction. Vitrified magnesium oxide ceramic is commonly used as a container material, but tungsten and tantalum can also be used(3). If the latter are used, CaF2 is added to lower the temperature needed to liquify... 

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