Vitamin B2 deficiency

Riboflavin (vitamin Eremothecium ashbyii Ashbya gossypii Treatment of vitamin B2 deficiency disease... 

Vitamin B2 is found in milk, eggs, green leafy vegetables, and grains. Vitamin B2 deficiency occurs along with other vitamin deficiencies. Characteristic lesions are seen in sore and raw tongue, lips, throat, and ulcers in the mouth. 

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is a constituent of yeast extract and is incorporated into many vitamin preparations. Vitamin B2 deficiency is characterized by symptoms that include an inflamed tongue, dermatitis and a sensation of burning in the feet. In genuine cases of malnutrition, these symptoms will... 

Organoboron derivatives, even more than organosilicon compounds, are sensitive to hydrolytic degradation that always leads to the final formation of boric acid. But boric acid has teratogenic properties in chickens. It produces the same malformations as those produced by a riboflavine (vitamin B2) deficiency and the administration of riboflavine prevents these toxic effects. The mechanism by which boric acid produces a deficiency in riboflavine is not known. In man the chronic utilization of boron derivatives results in cases of borism (dry skin, cutaneous eruptions, and gastric troubles). 

Aflavoprotein is an enzyme that contains either flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as a coenzyme. FAD and FMN, like NAD and NADP, are coenzymes used in oxidation reactions. As its name indicates, FAD is a dinucleotide in which one of the heterocyclic components is flavin and the other is adenine. FMN contains flavin but not adenine—it is a mononucleotide. (Flavin is a bright yellow compound flavus is Latin for yellow. ) Notice that instead of ribose, the flavin nucleotide has a ribitol group (a reduced ribose). Flavin plus ribitol is called riboflavin. Riboflavin is also known as vitamin B2. A vitamin B2 deficiency causes inflammation of the skin. 

Sea lettuces are a source of vitamins from group B (MacArtain et al, 2007 McDermid and Stuercke, 2003). For instances, Ulva lactuca contain high amount of cobalamin or vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 plays a key role in homeostasis of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood (Scalabrino, 2009). Daily ingestion of 1.4 g/day of Ulva lactuca will be enough to meet the daily requirements of vitamin B12 (MacArtain et al, 2007). One of the most important vitamins B occurring in Ulva reticulata is riboflavin (vitamin B2). Vitamin B2 deficiency is often endemic in human... 

Supplement vitamin B2 deficiency states, impaired absorption, increased requirements Riboflavin 5-phosphate sodium, riboflavin Tablets, ampules 10-30 mg 0.4-1.4 mg 1.2-1.6 mg... 

The phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of vitamin Bg have various physical and chemical properties. Vitamin Bs in the form of pyridoxal-5 -phosphate (PLP) and to a lesser extent, pyridoxamine-5 -phosphate (PMP), functions as a coenzyme in over 100 enzymatic reactions. All the forms of vitamin Be possess vitamin activity because they can be converted in vivo to pyridoxal. PN, PM and PL are converted to 5 -phosphate by a single kinase enzyme which in the brain and liver is most active with zinc. PNP and PMP are then converted to PLP by flavin dependent oxidase this is the reason why vitamin B2 deficiency causes a fall in available PLP (Holman 1995). Human cells can synthesize PLP from three vitamers via the Bg salvage pathway but cannot synthesize PLP de novo and must obtain it from dietary sources. 

In a small study of children on PHT, their mean urinary excretion of riboflavin was low, i.e. 14% of dietary intake. This may indicate riboflavin deficiency (Lewis et at. 1998). Patients on inducer AEDs (PHT, PB, PRD and CBZ) have low plasma riboflavin (Apeland et at. 2003 Krause et at. 1988). Low plasma riboflavin may indicate increased risk of vitamin B2 deficiency. Furthermore, patients with low plasma riboflavin also have elevated plasma flavin nucleotides (Apeland et at. 2003). 

Riboflavin is vital for the release of energy from foods and for healthy skin, eyes and growth. It plays a major role in oxidation and reduction processes in cells. Deficiency is rare, and usually occurs in combination with deficiencies of other water-soluble vitamins. Since cereals are poor sources of vitamin B2, virtually all types of compound animal feed must contain vitamin B2 supplements. In farm animals, even marginal vitamin B2 deficiency leads to loss of appetite and impaired growth rate. Riboflavin deficiency also affects the nervous system, gastrointestinal tract and reproductive organs. To prevent deficiency, most feed mixes (except those intended for ruminants) are fortified with riboflavin. 

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