Virtual power plant

Figure 13.9. Schematic diagram of a virtual power plant (Vaillant, 2007).

Netherlands - fuel cell research activities include SOFC and PEM, including demonstrating local CHP generation and the virtual power plant concept, which is testing some 30 PEM systems in the field. 

Casunie R D, EU Virtual power plant and "Green Gas" (NaturalHy). 

In the virtual power plants perspective, this controller shows an ability to adapt the strategy in order to profit from fluctuating price of the electricity. 

His or her business case is providing of regulating electrical energy to the power grid by using the pCHP units as virtual power plant. 

Today s situation is virtually the reverse. No new nuclear power plants are under construction in countries that have a competitive electricity market Also, because of World Bank and other lenders reluctance to assist construction of nuclear plant, there are questions how many of the 25 or so reactors, now under construction, will be completed. In countries where public opinion matters, people perceive the risks, but see few benefits, whilst the electricity industry and governments, with a few exceptions, such as France and S. Korea, are too concerned about the vociferous opposition to this power source to do anything, but sit on... 

In the future, when nuclear fusion power plants are in operation, most of these disadvantages will not be a concern. Fusion reactions produce only short-lived isotopes and so there would be no long-term storage problems. An added advantage is that there is a virtually inexhaustible supply of deuterium fuel in the world s oceans. 

Run-of-river power plants This type of power plant retains the used water and stores it for a short time only. Run-of-river power plants often take the form of power plant chains strung along larger rivers in prealpine and alpine regions, and are a common feature of many alpine rivers, particularly in the middle and lower reaches (e.g. the Rhine). This type of power plant produces a virtually identical volume of electricity over days and weeks. 

VIRTUAL FC POWER PLANT. Coals System-development, Build, Field Installation and European Demonstration of a Virtual Fuel Cell Power Plant, Consisting of Residential Micro-CHPs. 

Aluminum occurs naturally in soil, water, and air. It is redistributed or moved by natural and human activities. High levels in the environment can be caused by the mining and processing of its ores and by the production of aluminum metal, alloys, and compounds. Small amounts of aluminum are released into the environment from coal-fired power plants and incinerators. Virtually all food, water, and air contain some aluminum, which nature is well adapted to handle. 

After initial tests have established satisfactory operation of the prototype unit, a full-scale demonstration unit of 200 MW could be installed. At the conclusion of this latter work, the process should be applicable to virtually any size utility boiler. A conceptual design module, one of four required for a 1000 MW power plant, is shown in Figure 7. 

System-development, build, field installation and european demonstration of a virtual fuel cell power plant, consisting of residential micro-chps. 

The hydrogen powered fuel cell vehicle is seen by many as the power plant for future light and heavy-duty transportation, and even stationary sources. The fuel cell is often seen as a panacea because of its virtually zero criteria emissions, little or perhaps no C02 emissions, and complete independence from imported petroleum. However, in the light duty vehicle sector, the hydrogen powered fuel cell faces an array of enormous challenges. 

Not all power plant designs fit into an upstream or downstream category. Integrated systems let carbon move through the entire process, but they prevent normal dilution of the output flue gas, so that the effluent is concentrated CO2. While most of the plants in this category are still in an early development phase, they promise to combine high efficiency, virtually zero atmospheric pollution, and complete capture of all CO2. All avoid the intake of air. 

Steam. Although research and development continue to look for ways to efficiently extract and use the energy contained in HDR and geopressured resources, virtually all current geothermal power plants operate on hydrothermal resources. 

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