Vinyl halides coupling reactions

There are several cases of applications of vinylboron-vinyl halide coupling reactions in synthesis of targeted natural products or related molecules225,233,234 the synthesis of (5 S,6i )-5,6-DiHETE methyl ester (where DiHETE = Dihydroxy-7,9,11,14-eicosatetra-enoic acid) is based on such a reaction for the formation of its trienic portion (equation 122)233. 

Alkyne to vinyl halide coupling reactions have been used extensively in synthesis, due to the popularity of enediyne antitumour antibiotics280. An example is given in equation 144. 

In this sense Organ and coworkers [80] have developed intriguing syntheses of polysubstituted olefins based upon consecutive intermolecular reactions such as allylic and allylic-vinylic halide coupling sequences. Therefore, l-acetoxy-4-chloro but-2-ene can be readily submitted as a template for Pd-catalyzed allylic substitutions with two different carbon or nitrogen nucleophiles, leading to unsymmetrically substituted butene derivatives 66-70 in good yields (Scheme 22). Mechanistically, the chloro substituent is replaced... 

With vinyl halides, coupling is stereospecific. The reaction forms trans alkenes. 

Isomerically pure vinyl halides are important starting materials for preparation of the corresponding vinyl lithium species (see Section 7.1) and for use in Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions (see Section 7.10). Halogenation of vinylsilanes offers a valuable route for the synthesis of both (E)- and (Z)-vinyl halides. These reactions involve addition of the halogen to the double bond, followed by elimination of the silicon and halide moieties. The stereochemical outcome of the reaction will depend on both the mode of addition and the mode of elimination. For example, bromination of (Z)-vinylsilanes with bromine in CH2CI2 proceeds via an anti-addition. Treatment of the bromine adduct with sodium methoxide results in anti-desilicobromination. The conversion of the vinylsi-lane into the vinylbromide occurs with overall inversion of the double bond stereochemistry. " ... 

Dienes containing a terminal vinyl group can be synthesized by either vinyl-alkenyl or alkenyl-vinyl coupling. The merits and demerits of the use of vinyl metals relative to that of vinyl halides are discussed in Sect. B.i. Some representative examples of Pd-catalyzed vinyl-alkenyl coupling reactions are summarized in Table 9. 

In 1991, a new C-N-C bond formation reaction using a nitrogenation-transmetalation process was described. Ketones and aryl or vinyl halides couple to give divinyl or arylvinyl amines in the presence of the titanium isocyanate complex [3THF MgaClaO TiNCO] and a palladium catalyst, via transmetallation of the titano imine complex with aryl or vinyl palladium bromide. Moderate to good yields of the desired products were observed (Scheme 2.176). 

The stereochemistry of the copper-induced coupling of vinyl halides (Ullmann reaction) has been studied. Using iodofumarate (589), the... 

Two reports have described the use of nickel-phosphine complexes as catalysts in the cross-coupling of Grignard reagents with aryl and vinyl halides. The reaction of benzal and other benzylic halides with lithium di-alkylcopper reagents has been explored as a potential route to quaternary carbon atoms preliminary results are not promising. ... 

The above reaction is an example of coupling reaction of a Gilman dialkylcuprate and a vinyl halide. The reaction replaces iodide with a methyl group. A Grignard reagent could not be used without first protecting the alcohol group,... 

Sonogashira coupling is the coupling reaction of terminal alkynes with aryl or vinyl halides. This reaction was first reported by Sonogashira et al. in 1975 " and has been widely used (some recent examples and reviews ). 

The Li compound 588 formed by the ort/io-lithiation of A. A -dimethylaniline reacts with vinyl bromide to give the styrene derivative 589(433]. The 2-phe-nylindole 591 is formed by the coupling of l-methyl-2-indolylmagnesium formed in situ from the indolyllithium 590 and MgBr2, with iodobenzene using dppb[434]. 2-Furyl- and 2-thienyllithium in the presence of MgBr2 react with alkenyl halides[435]. The arylallenes 592 and 1,2,4-alkatrienes are prepared by the coupling reaction of the allenyllithium with aryl or alkenyl halides[436]. 

Lithiation at C2 can also be the starting point for 2-arylatioii or vinylation. The lithiated indoles can be converted to stannanes or zinc reagents which can undergo Pd-catalysed coupling with aryl, vinyl, benzyl and allyl halides or sulfonates. The mechanism of the coupling reaction involves formation of a disubstituted palladium intermediate by a combination of ligand exchange and oxidative addition. Phosphine catalysts and salts are often important reaction components. 

Indoles with carbocyclic halogen or triflate substituents are potential starting materials for vinylation, arylation and acylation via palladium-catalysed pro-cesses[l]. Indolylstannanes. indolylzinc halides and indolylboronic acids are also potential reactants. The principal type of substitution which is excluded from such coupling reactions is alkylation, since saturated alkyl groups tend to give elimination products in Pd-catalysed processes. 

Preparation of alkanes using lithium di alkylcuprates (Section 14 11) Two alkyl groups may be coupled together to form an alkane by the reaction of an alkyl hal ide with a lithium dialkylcuprate Both alkyl groups must be primary (or meth yl) Aryl and vinyl halides may be used in place of alkyl halides... 

Cross-coupling reactions of aromatic or vinylic halides and olefins catalyzed by palladium. 

Stannyl cuprates couple widi vinyl halides or trlGales [16c-d, 85], and a vinyl stannane produced diis way has been used in die syntliesis of 7-[f )-alkylidetie]-cepbalosporlns [117]. Vinyl substitution reactions slariing Grom ddiydrofciraiis are... 

This organometallic coupling reaction is useful in organic synthesis because it forms carbon-carbon bonds, thereby making possible the preparation of larger molecules from smaller ones. As the following examples indicate, the coupling reaction can be carried out on aryl and vinylic halides as well as on alkyl halides. 

Our group has recently developed an alternative method for alkyl-(hetero)aryl- as well as aryl-heteroaryl cross coupling reactions catalyzed by iron salts.3 4 This methodology was inspired by early reports of Kochi et al.5>6 on iron-catalyzed cross coupling of vinyl halides and is distinguished by several notable advantages. 

Vinylic halides can be coupled to give 1,3-butadienes by treatment with activated copper powder in a reaction analogous to the Ullmann reaction (13-14). " This reaction is stereospecific, with retention of configuration at both carbons. 

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