Vinyl ether-fumaronitrile

Similar results have been noted in terpolymerizations involving the p-dioxene-maleic anhydride (49, 51, 52) and vinyl ether-maleic anhydride (45, 49) and vinyl ether-fumaronitrile (49) monomer pairs. Iwatsuki and Yamashita (46) concluded that the molecular complex formed between p-dioxene and maleic anhydride is attacked on the p-dioxene side by a radical to yield the maleic anhydride radical which is considered to be the main growing radical. Thus, a monoradical propagation step is considered operative. 

Olefinic dipolarophiles, such as dimethyl fumarate, fumaronitrile, ethyl vinyl ether, A-phenylmaleimide, norbornene, and norbornadiene, react with... 

Divinyl ether/ maleic anhydride Divinyl ether/ maleic imide Divinyl ether/ fumaronitrile 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether/ maleic anhydride / -Dioxene/... 

Butler and Campus [40] undertook a study to provide further evidence of the formation of the charge-transfer complex between the comonomers and of its participation in the cyclocopolymerization. The 1,4-diene used was divinyl ether (DVE) and the monoolefins were maleic anhydride (MA) and fumaronitrile (FN). The results of the determination of the composition of the charge-transfer complex formed between DVE-MA are shown in Figure 5. Acrylonitrile (AN) was used as the third monomer in the terpolymerization experiments. For comparison, the results of a complex study of styrene-maleic anhydride and ethyl vinyl ether (EVE)-maleic anhydride were also reported. The results of determination of the equilibrium constants for the DVE-MA and styrene-MA complexes by the NMR method are shown in Figure 6. The results... 

Copolymerizations of the monodonor-diacceptor type, where MA is one of the acceptor monomers, have received much less study. 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether (CEVE)-MA-fumaronitrile (FN) mixtures polymerize to give terpoly-mers containing 50% CEVE, the donor monomer. This system was examined by both the free propagation and complexomer mechanism concepts. ... 

Further examples for electron acceptor monomers are acrylonitrile [37], diethyl fumarate [39], fumaronitrile [29,30, 38], maleonitrile [38], N-carbethoxymaleimide [29], N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate [39], nitroethylene [10] and iV-ethyl-maleimide [40], As electron donor monomem also are used vinyl alkyl ethers [38, 40], alkyl methacrylate [40], JV-vinyl pyrrolidone [40] and cyclohexene oxide [10]. 

Other cellulose ethers of related unsaturated nitriles have been prepared a-methyleneglutaronitrile, trans-crotonitrile, methacrylonitrile and fumaronitrile. Also, reversible reactions of alkali cellulose with acrylamide and reactions of alkali cellulose with vinyl sulfones have been reported. ... 

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