Vinyl cyclopropan

While generation of a Mn(V)oxo salen intermediate 8 as the active chiral oxidant is widely accepted, how the subsequent C-C bond forming events occur is the subject of some debate. The observation of frans-epoxide products from cw-olefins, as well as the observation that conjugated olefins work best support a stepwise intermediate in which a conjugated radical or cation intermediate is generated. The radical intermediate 9 is most favored based on better Hammett correlations obtained with o vs. o . " In addition, it was recently demonstrated that ring opening of vinyl cyclopropane substrates produced products that can only be derived from radical intermediates and not cationic intermediates. ... 

The photochemical isomerization of 1,4-dienes 1, bearing substituents at C-3, leads to vinyl-cyclopropanes 2, and is called the di-n-methane rearrangement This reaction produces possible substrates for the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement. 

Small amounts of cyclopentene derivatives are detected in cyclopropanation reactions of electron-deficient dienes, but they may result from thermal rearrangement of the corresponding vinyl cyclopropanes and not from a direct [4+1] cycloaddition... 

Alkoxycarbene complexes with unsaturation in the alkyl side chain rather than the alkoxy chain underwent similar intramolecular photoreactions (Eqs. 10 and 11) [60]. Cyclopropyl carbene complexes underwent a facile vinyl-cyclopropane rearrangement, presumably from the metal-bound ketene intermediate (Eqs. 12 and 13) [61]. A cycloheptatriene carbene complex underwent a related [6+2] cycloaddition (Eq. 14) [62]. 

Larock has developed a new catalyst system for the Pd-catalyzed cyclization of olefinic tosylamides. Whereas typical conditions require either stoichiometric amounts of Pd(II) salts or catalytic amounts of Pd(II) in the presence of benzoquinone as a reoxidant, the new catalyst system utilizes catalytic Pd(OAc)2 under an atmosphere of O2 in DMSO with no additional reoxidant <96JOC3584>. Although o-vinylic tosylamides 76 can be cyclized to Af-tosylindoles 77 using this catalyst system, PdCla/benzoquinone is more effective for such cyclizations. Interestingly, in the case of o-allylic tosylanilides, the cyclization can be modulated to afford either dihydroindole or dihydroquinoline products. In a related approach involving a common 7i-aUyl Pd-intermediate, 2-iodoanilines were coupled with vinylic cyclopropanes or cyclobutanes in the presence of a Pd catalyst to afford dihydroindoles <96T2743>. 

Dihydro-2iy-thiopyrans, derived from dimethylbuta-1,3-dienes, Na2S203-5H20 and various activated alkyl h des, ring contract on treatment with a strong base leading to vinyl cyclopropanes and cyclopentenes <96JOC4725>. 

The Oxygenation of Vinyl Cyclopropanes as an Entry Into Stereoselective 1,3-Diol Synthesis," Feldman. K.S. SvnletL 1995, 217... 

The use of the NHC-Ni catalytic system has also been used to promote the cycloisomerisation of vinyl cyclopropanes 125 to afford the cyclopentene rings 126 in excellent yields (Scheme 5.33) [38]. The reaction required only 1 mol% of [NiCCOD) ] and 2 mol% of IPr carbene. 

Vinyl cyclopropanes tethered to an aUcyne chain 127 were also subjected to the cycloisomerisation reaction in presence of the NHC-Ni catalyst system (Scheme 5.34) [39], The product formation depends on the substrate used and the NHC hgand. When SIPr carbene is used, three different products were obtained depending on the size of the R group attached to the alkyne moiety. If R is small (like a methyl) product 128 is obtained exclusively. If R is Et or Pr a mixture of 128 and 129 is obtained in 3 2 to 1 2 ratio, respectively. However, when R is large groups such as Bu or TMS only product 130 is obtained. When IfBu carbene 131 is used as the ligand, cycloisomerisation of 127 afforded product 128 exclusively, regardless of substituent size (Scheme 5.34) [39]. 

When ring strain is relieved, Cope rearrangements can occur at much lower temperatures and with complete conversion to ring-opened products. A striking example is the conversion of ris-di vinyl cyclopropane to 1,4-cycloheptadiene, a reaction that occurs readily below -40° C.206... 

The reactions of benzothiazinium salt 87d with nucleophiles such as PhSNa, PhSeNa, and KCl were examined (see Equation (24) and Table 13) <1997J(P1)309>. Treatment of 87d with PhSNa at 0°C for 2h provided vinyl cyclopropane 88d (82%) as the major product together with ring-opened product 90a (11%) (see entry 1). When the reaction was carried out with PhSeNa at —20 °C, and then warmed to room temperature, 90b was obtained in a higher yield (94%) with only trace of 88d being formed (see entry 2). Allyl chloride 90c was exclusively furnished by treatment of 87d with KCl in acetone at room temperature for 12 h (see entry 3). 

Dienes can be converted photochemically to vinyl cyclopropanes. This reaction, also named the Zimmerman rearrangement 322), is common to molecules in which two n moieties are substituents on a methane carbon 323). The skeletal changes follow the mechanistic sequence in (3.14). 

Olefination reactions converts these electrophilic conjunctive reagents into vinyl-cyclopropanes (Eq. 55-58) 89 9U93). While in the simple aldehydes, the normal... 

Heterocyclic syntheses take advantage of a heteroatom version of the vinyl-cyclopropane rearrangement — an iminocyclopropane rearrangement. For example, the aminocyclopropanol 76, available analogously to the hemiketal 58, readily... 

It should be noted that products like 443 and 447 are the normal products of photochemical reactions of acyclic 1,3,5-hexatrienes, as well as of divinyl aromatics, but are quite unusual for thermal transformations of such substrates. Presumably, the electrostatic repulsion between CF2 groups prevents the formation of conformation 450 which is necessary for the electrocyclic ring closure (i.e. 438 — 439 and 445 -> 446). Instead, it leads to conformation 451 which is favorable to generate the diradical and then the fused vinyl-cyclopropane intermediates 452 (equation 170). Note that the rearrangement 452 —> 453... 

Intensive investigations have been devoted to the synthesis of vinyl cyclopropanes by using allylic telluronium salts. Vinyl cyclopropanes are important compounds as versatile synthetic intermediates and as participants in the structure of several biologically active natural compounds. ... 

Thiotelluration of vinyl cyclopropanes. Thio- and selenotelluration of acetylenes... 

Hudlicky T, Reed JW (1991) Rearrangements of vinyl cyclopropane and related systems. In Trost BM (ed) Comprehensive organic synthesis, vol 5. Pergamon Press, Oxford, p 899 Hudlicky T, Becker DA, Fan RL, Kozhushkov S (1997) Carbocyclic three-and four-member-ed ring compounds. In de Meijere A (ed) Houben-Weyl methods of organic chemistry, vol El7c. Thieme, Stuttgart, p 2538... 

Suzuki has shown that vinylcyclopropane 143 behaves both as an electrophile and a nucleophile and thus undergoes palladium-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization as shown in Equation (66). Vinyl cyclopropane 143 first reacts with palladium(O) to induce ring opening of the cyclopropane ring and forms zwitterionic TT-allylpalladium/molonate anion species. Repeated intermolecular attack of the malonate anionic moiety to the 7r-allylpalladium part through bond formation of an r/i -carbon atom affords finally the polymer 142. ... 

One of the classical papers in this area is Neureiter s discovery of the vinyl-cyclopropane to cyclopentene rearrangement [185]. This important process was first observed on a l,l-dichloro-2-vinylcyclopropane derivative, which on heating yielded a chlorocyclopentadiene, presumably by the loss of hydrochloric acid from the initially formed 4,4-dichlorocyclopentene. 

Dolbier WR, Sellers SF (1982) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104 2494. A review of the authors works on thermal rearrangements of gem-difluorocyclopropanes covering, inter alia, cyclopropane thermolysis, methylene cyclopropane and spiropentane rearrangements, vinyl-cyclopropane and cyclopropylcarbinyl isomerizations has been published Dolbier WR (1981) Acc. Chem. Res. 14 195... 

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