Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite

Vienna-Standard Mean Ocean WMer (V-SMOW) Vienna-Pee Dee Belemnite (V-PDB) air nitrogen PVIR-N2)... 

CSIA yields data of the isotopic composition of a single compound relative to an international standard that is usually expressed as delta notation (S) values in parts per thousand (%o) according to Eq. 1. The most common ones, the carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions (R), are reported as and relative to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite standard (V-PDB) and Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (V-SMOW), respectively [20] ... 

The stable carbon isotope ratios of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and benthic foraminiferal calcite generally are determined with isotope ratio gas mass spectrometers calibrated via NBS 19 international standard to the VPDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) scale. All values are given in 8-notation versus VPDB with an overall precision of measurements including sample preparation usually better than +0.06 and +0.1%o for calcite and DIC carbon isotopes, respectively. Except one single-specimen based dataset (Hill et al. 2004), all stable isotope data from papers referred to in this overview are from species-specific multi-specimens analyses. The number of specimens used for a single analysis depended on size and weight of species but usually varied between 2 and 25. 

Stable isotopic compositions are reported relative to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) using the NBS-19 standard and the following equation ... 

These delta values (read delta C-13 , or delta carbon-13 ) are typically given in parts per thousand ( permil , %o). For historical reasons, carbon stable isotopes are reported relative to the PDB (Pee Dee Belemnite, a fossil) or the equivalent VPDB (Vienna PDB) standard. Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes are reported relative to SMOW (Standard Mean Ocean Water) or the equivalent VSMOW (Vienna SMOW). The VPDB and VSMOW standards are preferred, not only because the original standards, PDB and SMOW, are no longer available, but also because they imply that the measurements have been calibrated according to international conventions. 

Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios are normally reported relative to the standard mean ocean water (SMOW) standard (Craig, 1961b) or the equivalent Vienna-SMOW (V-SMOW) standard. Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur stable isotope ratios are reported relative to the Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB) or Vienna-PDB (VPDB), ambient air (AIR), and Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT) standards, respectively, as defined later. The use of the V before SMOW or PDB indicates that the measurements were calibrated on normalized per mil scales (Coplen, 1996). 

Isotope ratios in a sample are measured and expressed relative to internationally accepted standard samples of accurately known isotope ratios. For example, PDB (Pee Dee Belemnite CaCOs) is used as a standard for carbon its ratio is 0.0112372 [29]. Similarly, Vienna SMOW (Standard Mean Ocean Water) is the standard for oxygen and hydrogen, and air is the standard for nitrogen. Following are the commonly accepted definitions for reporting isotope ratios ... 

---