Vestibulo-ocular reflex

However, other projections in primates, in particular those to the pretectal nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) and the terminal nuclei (TN) of the accessory optic system, have been demonstrated to play an important role in the rapid control of eye position through vestibulo-ocular reflex, saccades, and sustained fixation. 

Highstein SM, Reisine H (1979) Synaptic and functional organization of vestibulo-ocular reflex pathways. Progr. Brain Res., 50, 431 142. 

Van Neerven J, Pompeiano O, Collewijn H (1991) Effects of GABAergic and noradrenergic injections into the cerebellar flocculus on vestibulo-ocular reflexes in the rabbit. Progr. Brain Res., 88, 485-497. 

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Nathans, 2008). An OMR is also initiated when the visual field moves across the retina and consists of involuntary movements of the head and/or body to assist in image stabilization (Kretschmer et al., 2013) and encompasses head movements initiated via the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). These head movements stimulate the vestibular organs, which then send signals to the brain stem to generate compensatory eye movements in the opposite direction of the image motion (Iwashita et al, 2001 Cahill and Nathans, 2008). Both OKR and VOR collectively function to stabilize images across the retina over a wide spectrum of head and body movements (Iwashita et al., 2001 Cahill and Nathans, 2008). In the following sections we describe how these responses can be used to detect ocular toxicity in zebrafish and rodents. 

Iwashita M, Kanai R, Funabiki K, Matsuda K, Hirano T (2001) Dynamic properties, interactions and adaptive modifications of vestibulo-ocular reflex and optokinetic response in mice. Neuroscience Research 39 299-311. 

Interstitial nucleus of Cajal Anderson et al. (1979) Impaired vestibulo-ocular reflex... 

Anderson, J. H., Precht, W., and Pappas, C., 1979, Changes in the vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex due to kainic acid lesions of the interstitial nucleus Cajal, Neurosci. Lett. 14 259-264. 

EOG 0.01-0.1 DC-10 Ag-AgO Skin potential motion Eye position, sleep state, vestibulo-ocular reflex... 

Vestibular function Impairment of evoked vestibulo-ocular reflexes (eVOR) in gentamicin vestibulotoxicity in 12 patients with gentamicin vestibulotoxicity and 13 healthy controls suggests that vestibular hair cells, activated by electrical stimulation, mediate the eVOR abnormahties of eVOR, especially the phasic component, might be a marker of vestibular injury in gentamicin vestibulotoxicity [14 ]. 

Aw ST, Todd MJ, Aw GE, Weber KP, Halmagyi GM. Gentamicin vestibulotoxi-city impairs human electrically evoked vestibulo-ocular reflex. Neurology 2008 71(22) 1776-82. 

Lenz, A., Balakrishnan, T., Pipe, A.G., and Melhuish, C. 2008. An adaptive gaze stabilization controller inspired by the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Bioinsp. Biomim., 3(3) 035001. 

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