VESPA

Genus Apis Bombus Vespula Dolichovespula Vespa Polistes Myrmecia Solenopsis Pogono- Formica ... 

Vespa crabro, the European hornet, and V. orientalis are the most important species of the genus Vespa in Europe, Asia and Africa, and V. crabro has also been imported in the USA. These species are much larger than other vespids (fig. 2e). They build their nest mostly above ground, in hollow tree trimks or in birds nest boxes. Stings occur almost exclusively near the nests. 

Kidwell CS, Saver JL, Starkman S, Duckwiler G, Jahan R, Vespa P, Villablanca JP, Liebeskind DS, Gobin YP, Vinuela F, Alger JR. Late secondary ischemic injury in patients receiving intraarterial thrombolysis. Ann Neurol 2002 52 698-703. 

Rj-S-Hexadecanolide (27) is the pheromone produced by the queens of the oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis). Yamamoto synthesized (R)-27 by employing an interesting asymmetric process (A—>B) followed by a multi-step conversion of B to (R)-27 via C (Scheme 40) [65]. 

Vespa mandarinia W-VG Alarm Pentan-2-ol 143,3-methylbutan-l-ol 144, 1-methylbutyl 3-methylbutanoate 145 [189]... 

Figure 7 Venomous hymenoptera insects, (a) Common honeybee (Apis me/Z/fera) (b), eastern yellowjacket Vespula maculifrons)-, (c) European hornet (Vespa crabro), (d) bull ant (Myrmecia esuriens)-, (e) Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia japonica,)] (f) wasp stinger. Photos from (a) to (f) by Autan (Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike License), E. Begin (Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike License), N. Jones (Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike License), Nuytsia (Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike License), Netman (Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike License), and M. Halldin (GNU free documentation license), respectively.

The palatability of the flesh of birds to humans is broadly correlated with their visibility, including plumage color and behavior. Cott (1947) noted in Egypt that hornets Vespa orientalis) fed on a carcass of a dove but ignored that of a kingfisher... 

The venoms of many kinds of bees, wasps, and hornets (the genera Vespa, Polistes, Vespula, Ropalidia, etc.) contain biogenic amines such as histamine (136), serotonin (141), and catecholamines in addition to polyamines such as putrescine (111), spermidine (110), and spermine (112) (Table VIII). The biogenic amines in the venoms act as the main pain-producing principles 46). The contents of these amines in the venom may affect the severity of pain production, edematous reaction of the skin, or increase in skin permeability by stings of these insects. Consequently these amines act as toxins for their defense, together with acetylcholine, enzymes, and peptides 47). 

Purines such as xanthine (91), hypoxanthine (92), guanine (93), and uric acid (95) are found in excreta of many insects (Table VI) 48). Uric acid (95) is known to be the main end product of nitrogen metabolism in almost all insects. Various purines are found in the wasp Vespa) and the sawfly Gilpinia) in common with other insects (Table VI). In addition, various pteridines occur in Vespa and in the honeybee (Table VI). The latter also contains xanthurenic acid (52) or kynurenic acid (53), xanthurenic acid 4,8-digiucoside (56), and a yellow pigment, xanthommatin (58), as tryptophan metabolites (Table V). 

Removal of the auxiliary group from 12 (see p413) to give 13 followed by several steps yields (-)-(65)-tetrahydro-6-undecyl-2//-pyran-2-one (14), a pheromone of the wasp Vespa orientalis. Comparison of the optical rotation of the synthetic product with that of the natural product served to confirm the stereochemistry of the initial reduction to 12. 

Verapamil Calcium channel blocker VESPA (60) Low restenosis... 

Bestehorn HR Neumann FJ, Buttner HJ, etal. Evaluation ofthe effect of oral verapamil on clinical outcome and angiographic restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention the randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter Verapamil Slow-Release for Prevention of Cardiovascular Events After Angioplasty (VESPA) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004 43 2160-2165. 

Butts, D. R, Espelie, K.E. and Hermann, H.R. (1991). Cuticular hydrocarbons of four species of social wasps in the subfamily vespinae Vespa crabro (L.), Dolichovespula maculata (L.), Vespula squamosa (Drury), and Vespula maculifrons (Buysson). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 99, 87-91. 

European hornet Vespa crabro L. have colony-specific cuticular hydrocarbon profiles (Hymenoptera Vespidae). Insect. Soc., 42,45-55. 

Inquiline Vespa dibowskii No chemical mimicry Martin et al., 2008... 

Martin, S. J Takahashi, J.-I., Ono, M. and Drijfhout, F.P. (2008). Is the social parasite Vespa dybowskii using chemical transparency to get her eggs accepted J. Insect Physiol., 54, 700-707. 

Dissecting the cellular contributions to early visual sensory processing deficits in schizophrenia using the VESPA evoked response. Schizophr Res 98 256-264. 

R,6R) diastereoisomer (Scheme 7). Again, from 34 the (5R,6R) product 43 was obtained. Products 42 and 43 represent the two enantiomers of the proposed major component of a mosquito oviposi-tion attractant pheromone (18). The enantiomeric forms of 5-hexadecanolide, 44 and 45, the pheromone of Vespa orientalis, were obtained from the enantiomeric aldehydes 34 and 37 (19). All the compounds obtained up to this point have been prepared in both enantiomeric forms, starting from a single chiral material. 

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