Very large-scale integration range

MEMS are rapidly evolving and provide an important link between very large-scale integrated circuits and monitoring and control applications ranging from biomedicine to automated manufacturing. 

The use of devices to disperse quantities of pesticides for agricultural or public health applications has been widespread over the world. Their application ranges from individual household and domestic activity to very large-scale, systematic treatment as an integral part of agricultural practice. 

If it is possible to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates at a cost of 1-2 EUR per kg, a diverse range of potential applications become commercially very attractive. According to some industry specialists, this price range is already feasible with current, large-scale and fully integrated bioreactors and downstream processing technology [5]. 

Integrators based on r-RESPA, when combined with enhanced methods for calculating long-range electrostatic forces, such as the EMM or SPME schemes, have led to a considerable speedup in the CPU time for large-scale simulations of biomacromolecular solutions. Since r-RESPA is reversible and symplectic such integrators are very stable. Moreover, since r-RESPA is time reversible it can be used... 

---