Venotonic effects

Various natural, chemically modified and mixtures of flavonoids are widely used therapeutically as venous protective or venotonic drugs in chronic venous insufficiency and haemorrhoidal attacks. Flavonoids have been found to inhibit increased vessel wall permeability, fluid changes in the capillary bed and diffusion of plasma proteins. In addition, they may exert a protective effect on the perivascular tissues due to their antihyaluronidase effect and the inhibition of lysine oxidase (producing crosslinks in collagen and elastin) and lysosomal hydrolases (degrade glycosamines). All these effects may account for the venotonic effects of these drugs [5]. However, the venous effects of flavonoids are out of the scope of the present review. 

In 1994, by a group of Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Limd, Sweden, Ruscus extract has been examined on their venotonic effects of a-adrenoceptor blockers and calcium blockers using two these diameters of arterioles with inner diameter 10-70 pm and venules with inner diameter 20-135 pm of hamster cheek pouch microvasculature in vivo. 

Chapter 5 - Butcher s brooms (Ruscus aculeatus) of Southern Europe origin have been used in their treatments and improvements for circulatory diseases of the lombs, hermorroids and the inflammatory symptoms of anorectal mucosa in their folkrore medicines. Based on these folkrore treatments, Chapter 6 mainly consists of three elements such as Section 1 Introduction, Section 2 Facts of Incompetence Improvement by Ruscus aculeatus of improvements of venous smooth muscle by the extracts of Ruscus aculeatus, dimetic effects by the extracts of Ruscus aculeatus, and venotonic effects by the extracts of Ruscus aculeatus, and Section 3 Phytochemicals and Their Functionality of Ruscus aculeatus of phytosterols, steroidal saponins, flavonoids, fatty acid, and miscellaneous components. Therefore, Chapter 6 describes their phytochemicals in Ruscus aculeatus and their evidences of treatments based on in vivo, in vitro and wider epidemiological evidences. 

Horse chestnut extracts, notably aescin, have anti-inflammatory, antiedematous, antiexudative, and venotonic activities. The clinical pharmacology of horse chestnut and aescin has been the subject of many recent reviews. Aescin was found to be responsible for the antiexudative and edema-protective activity. Aescin acts on the capillary membrane, normalizing vascular permeability, enhancing capillary resistance, and reducing the outflow of fluid into the extracapillary space. Aescin has a sealing venotonic effect on the capillaries and reduces the number and diameter of the small pores of the capillary wall by which exchange of water occurs. In vitro. 

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