Vehicles recharging

The safety concerns for vehicle charging facilities include hydrogen produced by the batteries during vehicle recharging and spills of battery electrolytes. Ignition hazards presented by the charging equipment are also a concern if other hazardous materials are present such as conventional vehicle fuels, solvents, etc. 

SAE J2464, Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS) Safety and Battery Abuse Testing... 

Applications of Electric Vehicle Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems... 

All flashlight batteries, button batteries, compact rechargeable batteries and vehicle storage batteries operate under the same basic principles. An electrochemical cell is constructed of two chemicals with different electron-attracting capabilities. Called an electrochemical couple, these two chemicals, itntncrscd in an electrolyte (material that carries the flow of energy between electrodes), are connected to each other through an external circuit. 

Secondaiy batteries consist of a series of electrochemical cells. The most popular types are the lead-acid type used for starting, lighting, and electrical systems in motor vehicles and the small rechargeable batteries used in laptops, camcorders, digital phones, and portable electronic appliances. 

Unfortunately, often the EV s efficiency and cost advantages are wiped out by the batteiy s abbreviated life expectancy. When hattei y life expectancy is around 2,(1(10 miles (reported by testers of General Motors s EV, the Impact), then the recharging and replacement hattei y costs of an EV (over 1,500 for the GM Impact) alone can exceed the total operating costs for an ICE vehicle. Energy costs per mile for the GM Impact ( 0.02 electricity plus 0.42 for batteries) were greater than the total operating costs for an ICE vehicle ( 0.42). 

Gamburtzev S., Velev O.A., Danin R., Srinivasan S., Appleby A.J. Performance of an improved design of metal hydride/air rechargeable cell . In Batteries for portable application and electric vehicles. C.Holmes, A.Landgrebe ed. Pennington Electroch. Soc, 1997, 726-33. 

I.V. Barsukov, T.I. Motronyuk, V.Z. Barsukov, V.I. Drozdik. Metal-Free 1.5V Rechargeable Batteries Steps of Optimization and Prospects for the Practical Application// In book Batteries for Portable Application and Electric Vehicles, C.F. Flolmes and A.R. Landgrebe eds., The Electrochemical Society, Inc., Pennington, NJ, 592-596 (1997). 

Design inexpensive, high-energy-density, and quickly rechargeable storage batteries that make electric vehicles truly practical. 

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