Vasopressin distribution

This peptide itself has no selectivity for the two CCK receptors, CCK-A and B, which have so far been established to stimulate IP3/DAG while, like substance P, can close potassium channels to increase neuronal activity. The CCK-B receptor is thought to predominate in the CNS but species differences may make this interpretation difficult. It has a wide distribution in the CNS but is also found in the gut whereas the CCK-A receptor is more restricted but is found in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and in the brainstem. There are high levels of the natural peptide, CCK-8 in cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, ventral tegmentum, substantia nigra, brainstem and spinal cord. CCK is one of the most abundant peptides in the brain and CCK co-exists with dopamine, substance P, 5-HT and vasopressin. Interestingly, in the dopamine areas, CCK co-exists in the mesolimbic pathways but in the nigrostriatal projections, the peptide and... 

Additional applications of BSOCOES and sulfo-BSOCOES include investigations of the cellular and subcellular distribution of the type II vasopressin receptor (Fenton et al., 2007), TNF-alpha (Grinberg et al., 2005), and studying mechanisms in the control of plasmid replication (Das et al., 2005). 

Fenton, R.A. Brond, L., Nielsen, S., and Praetorius, J. (2007) Cellular and subcellular distribution of the type II vasopressin receptor in kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol. 10.1152/ajprenal.00316.2006. 

The effects of both oxytocin and vasopressin are particularly responsive to reproductive steroids (Tables 7 and 8). Oxytocin and vasopressin are best known as neurohypophyseal peptides, released by the posterior pituitary. However, both peptides also are released within the nervous system. Receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin are distributed in areas of the CNS that have been implicated in reproduction, emotion and autonomic functions. 

Ostrowski NL, Lolait SJ, Bradley DJ, O Carroll AM, Brownstein MJ, Young WS (1992) Distribution of Via and V2 vasopressin receptor messenger ribonucleic acids in liver, kidney, pituitary and brain. Endocrinology 131 533-535 Otsuka M, Yoshioka K (1993) Neurotransmitter functions of mammalian tachykinins. Physiol Rev 73 229-308... 

VIP is a neurotransmitter in the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, corpus striatum, and the vagal nuclei of the medulla oblongata (131,132). VIP receptors are widely distributed in cerebral cortex, amygdaloid nuclei, hippocampus, olfactory lobes, thalamus, and the suprachias-matic nucleus, and are present in lower concentrations in the hippocampus, brainstem, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglia. VIP is also involved in the release of other hormones such as CRH, PRL, oxytocin, and vasopressin. 

Pappius HM, Dayes LA (1965) Hypertonic urea. Its effect on the distribution of water and electrolytes in normal and edematous brain tissues. Arch Neurol 13 395-402 Pascale CL, Szmydynger-Chodobska J, Sarri JE, Chodobski A (2006) Traumatic brain injury results in a concomitant increase in neocortical expression of vasopressin and its Via receptor. J Physiol Pharmacol 57(Suppl 11) 161-167... 

Age-linked alterations in electrolyte distribution, such as loss of potassium and increased retention of sodium, was attributed to vasopressin activity (111)- When vasopressin was given alone or in combination with hydrocortisone, the life span of rats was significantly increased and the mortality rate was decreased during the early months of treatment, but when it was administered to older rats, there was no effect on survival rate in spite of an improvement in electrolyte balance. Electrolyte changes with age recently have been studied by Korkusko et al. (112), Plasma, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were significantly decreased with age. 

An illustrative example of differential zonal distribution in closely related species was provided by Insel et al. (1994), who studied the distribution of vasopressin V,a receptors in the brain of different species of voles (microtine rodents). A complex distribution with alternating bands of high and low receptor density was observed in... 

Insel TR, Wang Z-X, Ferris CF (1994) Patterns of brain vasopressin receptor distribution associated with social organization in microtine rodents. J. Neurosci, 14, 5381-5392. 

Fluid balance in the body involves a balance between fluid intake and output, and a proper distribution of fluid between the three fluid areas. Fluid and electrolyte balance are interdependent. Water enters the body through food and drink and leaves in the form of urine, water vapor in exhaled air, perspiration, and feces. The amount of fluid in the body is maintained or restored primarily by variations in urine output, which is regulated chiefly by the hormones vasopressin and aldosterone. 

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