Variable number of tandem repeats VNTR

Kasai K, Nakamura Y and White R 1990) Amplification of a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) locus (pMCTii8) by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its application to forensic science. ] For Sci 35 1196-1200. 

Ethnic variation in allele frequencies can lead to important differences in disease susceptibility, outcome and drug metabolism [68, 69]. In addition to single nucleotide polymorphisms, variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) regions have been shown to have functional significance. 

Y. Nakamura, M. Leppert, P. O Connell, R. Wolff, T. Holm, M. Culver, C. Martin, E. Fujimoto, M. Hoff, E. Kumlin, Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) Markers for Human Gene Mapping , Science, 235,1616-1622 (1987). 

Nakamura Y, Leppert M, O Connell P, Wolff R, Holm T, Culver M, Martin C, Fujimoto E, Hoff M, Kumlin E, White R. Variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) markers for human gene mapping. Science 1987 235 1616-1622. 

The different alleles at a minisatellite locus are thought to vary in the number of repeats of the consensus sequence, hence the name variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) locus.7 For some human VNTR loci... 

Fig. 8. Loss of RFLP heterozygosity in tumor tissue. Hybridization of probe p68RS2.0 for a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) marker on chromosome 13 to normal (N) and breast tumor (T) tissue is demonstrated for 7 patients. Note the presence of 2 bands in normal tissue from each patient, but markedly decreased or absent hybridization of either the upper or lower allele in a number of patients, most clearly shown for patients 035 (lower), 090 (upper), 091 (upper), 177 (upper), and 181 (lower). Numbers to the left indicate the size (in kb) of marker fragments. (From Devilee et al. (57), reproduced with permission from Academic Press.)...

In the mid-1980s, these techniques were replaced by direct analysis of the DNA polymorphisms. The first of such techniques, developed by Alec Jeffries utilized multilocus DNA probes. This technique is known as the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) testing. RFLP techniques are based on variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), which are sequences of 10 to 60 bp (base pairs) of length, that lie adjacent to each other in the same chromosomal orientation (minisatellites). 

The answer is a. (Murray, pp 488-504. Scriver, pp 3-45. Sack, pp 41-45. Wilson, pp 151-186.) Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) arising from variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs) are the basis of the DNA fingerprinting technique. The process is (1) isolation of DNA from parent/child or forensic specimens using blood, skin, or semen (2) PCR amplification and radioactive labeling of DNA from... 

A 21-year-old woman was abducted when she went to the local convenience store. Her body was found the next morning in a wooded area behind the store. The autopsy revealed that she had been sexually assaulted and strangled. Crime scene investigators were able to collect a semen sample from vaginal fluid as well as tissue samples from underneath the victim s fingernails. DNA samples were obtained from three suspects besides the victim. A variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis was performed on the DNA samples from the evidence collected, the victim, and the suspect, and the results were compared. 

Multiple-Locus Variable Numbers of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) Analysis... 

Selected human transmembrane-bound (TM) mucins and secreted mucins are listed, including those that form a mucus gel (Gel). The highly O-glycosylated Ser/Thr/Pro-rich variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) show a representative amino acid sequence in one of the repeats. The underlined sequence in MUCl is a peptide epitope recognized by anti-MUC1 antibody SM3. Some of the tissues expressing these mucins are listed but most mucins are widely expressed and found in many other tissues and cell types. 

Polymorphisms have been of interest because of disease relevance. The coding sequence contains at least five alleles . In the 5 -region, these are polymorphisms involving a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) that affect transcription, as demonstrated in reporter systems in vitro . At least nine of these allelic variants are known . An association between this VNTR polymorphism and cerebral infarction has been reported . 

Since the early 1990s, DNA typing for variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) loci, detected using the Southern method, started being used in complement with blood group analysis in paternity... 

Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) Repeating element in DNA that is tens to hundreds of base pairs long also known as minisatellite or long tandem repeat. 

---