Value engineering meaning

The transformation of raw materials into products of greater value by means chemical reaction is a major industry, and a vast number of commercial prod is obtained by chemical synthesis. Sulfuric acid, ammonia, ethylene, propyl phosphoric acid, chlorine, nitric acid, urea, benzene, methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol are examples of chemicals produced in the United States, billions of kilograms each year. These in turn are used in the large-scale manu ture of fibers, paints, detergents, plastics, rubber, fertilizers, insecticides, Clearly, the chemical engineer must be familiar with chemical-reactor design operation. 

During professional socialization, students learn, and learn to take on as then-own, the beliefs and values of the culture of the profession to which they aspire. The adoption of this professional culture is not simply the adoption of a set of abstract ideologies, however. Socialization into the professional culture of engineering means that ideologies within that culture manifest in a variety of more concrete ways in students understandings of what it means to be an engineer. 

In order to obtain the best value, it seems sensible to produce a specification which reflects the minimum requirements that are acceptable, thus enabling maximum competition and possibly innovative solutions. In effect, this is a value-engineering approach. The specification is aimed at identification of the essential requirements for performance of the item, performance meaning the definition of function and how well, how economically, and how reliably the function must be performed. Any non-essential requirements are identified and deleted. 

While the principal value of the book is for the professional chemist or student of chemistry, it should also be of value to many people not especially educated as chemists. Workers in the natural sciences—physicists, mineralogists, biologists, pharmacists, engineers, patent attorneys, and librarians—are often called upon to solve problems dealing with the properties of chemical products or materials of construction. Eor such needs this compilation supplies helpful information and will serve not only as an economical substitute for the costly accumulation of a large library of monographs on specialized subjects, but also as a means of conserving the time required to search for... 

Eor deicing fluid appHcations, exposure to vapors and mists is the more likely means of exposure. Ethylene glycol has a threshold limit value (TLV) of 50 ppm for vapors. When proper deicing procedures are foUowed and proper protective equipment worn, the exposure of deicing personnel to vapor and mist is expected to fall weU below this TLV value. This mode of exposure is unlikely for engine cooling appHcations. 

The value that is added during light-and medium-engineering work is larger, and this usually means that the economic constraint on the choice of materials is less severe - a far greater proportion of the cost of the structure is that associated with labour or with production and fabrication. Stainless steels, most alumiruum alloys and most polymers cost between UK 500 and UK 5000 (US 750 and US 7500) per... 

Finally, it is worth investigating how deterministic values of material strength are calculated as commonly found in engineering data books. Equation 4.14 states that the minimum material strength, as used in deterministic calculations, equals the mean value determined from test, minus three standard deviations, calculated for the Normal distribution (Cable and Virene, 1967) ... 

Improve Chemical Engineering. Improvements in catalyst performance inevitably mean that the optimum plant operating condition will be different from that for the unimproved catalyst. Design changes may be needed to obtain the maximum benefit from improved performance. The cost of such changes must be taken into account when assessing the value of catalyst improvement. 

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