Urine vapors, Analysis

Pauling, L., Robinson, A.B., Taranishi, R., Cary, P. Quantitative analysis of urine vapor and breath by gas-liquid partition chromatography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 68, 2374-2376 (1971)... 

Nixon, D.E., G.V. Mussmann, and T.P. Moyer. 1996. Inorganic, organic and total mercury in blood and urine Cold vapor analysis with automated flow injection sample delivery. J. Anal. Toxicol. 20(1) 17-22. 

Experimental design Rats (7-13 male and 10-13 female) were exposed to 1,4-dichlorobenzene vapors for 7 hours a day, 5 days a week at concentrations of 0, 96, or 158 ppm for a total of 126-139 exposures. At the end of the exposure period, the animals were sacrificed, body and organ weights determined, and tissues examined microscopically. Hematology (parameters not specified), analysis of urine (blood, glucose, albumin, and sediment) and measurement of blood urea nitrogen were conducted for females exposed to the lowest concentration of 1,4-dichlorobenzene. 

Fernandez, C., A.C.L. Conceicao, R. Rial-Otero, C. Vaz, and J.L. Capelo. 2006. Sequential flow injection analysis system on-line coupled to high intensity focused ultrasound Green methodology for trace analysis applications as demonstrated for the determination of inorganic and total mercury in waters and urine by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 78 2494-2499. 

Many researchers have attempted to determine mercury levels in the blood, urine, tissues, and hair of humans and animals. Most methods have used atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), or neutron activation analysis (NAA). In addition, methods based on mass spectrometry (MS), spectrophotometry, and anodic stripping voltametry (ASV) have also been tested. Of the available methods, cold vapor (CV) AAS is the most widely used. In most methods, mercury in the sample is reduced to the elemental state. Some methods require predigestion of the sample prior to reduction. At all phases of sample preparation and analysis, the possibility of contamination from mercury found naturally in the environment must be considered. Rigorous standards to prevent mercury contamination must be followed. Table 6-1 presents details of selected methods used to determine mercury in biological samples. Methods have been developed for the analysis of mercury in breath samples. These are based on AAS with either flameless (NIOSH 1994) or cold vapor release of the sample to the detection chamber (Rathje et al. 1974). Flameless AAS is the NIOSH-recommended method of determining levels of mercury in expired air (NIOSH 1994). No other current methods for analyzing breath were located. 

Peter. F. and Strunc, G. (1984) Semiautomated analysis of mercury in whole blood, urine, and hair by one-stream generation of cold vapor. Clin. Chem., 30,893-895. 

Any physiological fluid such as plasma, saliva, urine, or breath water vapor can be collected for the determination of fractional turnover rates of and and JVh and Nq. In most human studies, urine is the preferred sample because it is noninvasive and the easiest to collect. In infants, urine can be collected using cotton balls (Wong et al, 1993a). The urine absorbed by the cotton balls can be expressed with a plastic syringe into an appropriate sample vial. If the samples are not processed immediately for isotope ratio measurements, they should be stored at —20 C until ready for analysis. The sample collection apparatus must be free of moisture in order to avoid dilution of the samples, particularly when only small quantities are available. 

The analysis of volatiles presents particular problems. First, many of the compounds of interest occur commonly in laboratories and this necessitates special precautions against contamination and interference. Second, collection, storage, and transport of biological samples must be controlled as far as practicable in order to minimize loss of analyte - quantitative work is futile if very volatile compounds such as propane are encoimtered unless special precautions are taken to prevent the loss of analyte from the sample prior to the analysis. Third, many compounds of interest are excreted imchanged via the lungs and thus blood (and/or other tissues in fatalities), and not urine, is usually the sample of choice. Finally, the interpretation of results can be difficult, especially if legitimate exposure to solvent vapor is a possibility. 

Quantitative Vapor-Phase Analysis of Prostaglandin F2q in Female Human Urine... 

Gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) are the most common methods of chemical analysis. These tests can be done on urine and blood samples. In gas chromatography, the sample is vaporized in the presence of a gaseous solvent and introduced into the instrument. 

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