Urinary volume index

According to Leung et al. (2007) nomograms of total renal volume, urinary bladder volume index and bladder volume wall thickness index are described as useful indicators of bladder dysfunction in children with enuresis and urinary tract infection (Yeung et al. 2007). 

Lipponen, P. K., Kosma, V. M., Collan, Y., Kulju, T., Kosunen, O., and Eskelinen, M. 1990. Potential of nuclear morphometry and volume corrected mitotic index in grading transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Eur. Urol. 77 333-337. 

Table 8.14 depicts reported estimates of urinary Pb (PbU) and PbU excretion rates. The most reliable measure of urinary Pb excretion is its indexing to grams of daily creatinine, rather than daily total Pb or Pb/liter urine. Such indexing minimizes confounding such as body mass/area and urine volume differences. (Araki et al., 1990 Diamond, 1988). German children exposed in the 1980s to Pb emissions from a smelter showed a urinary Pb excretion... 

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