Urban atmosphere alcohols

The ketones are also present in readily detectable amounts, with acetone concentrations usually dominating those of the other ketones. Several alcohols have been observed in urban atmospheres methanol and ethanol are present at the highest concentrations. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is observed in urban atmospheres where this compound is used as a gasoline additive. Esters are observed in urban atmospheres, especially near sources of solvent manufacture or heavy use. The smaller organic acids are usually observed in urban areas. Although their sources are not strong, their removal rates by reaction are small, as loss occurs largely by deposition on terrestrial or water surfaces, or by accumulation in aerosols. A number of dicarboxylic acids (C2-C12)... 

A common symbol for volume percent is % (v/v). Commercial rubbing alcohol, for example, is an aqueous solution of isopropyl alcohol (a three-carbon alcohol) that contains 70 volumes of isopropyl alcohol per 100. volumes of solution, and the label indicates this as 70% (v/v). Parts-by-volume concentrations are most often used for liquids and gases. Minor atmospheric components occur in parts per million by volume (ppmv). For example, there are about 0.05 ppmv of the toxic gas carbon monoxide (CO) in clean air, 1000 times as much (about 50 ppmv of CO) in air over urban traffic, and 10,000 times as much (about 500 ppmv of CO) in cigarette smoke. 

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