Upwind flight

Vickers, N. J. and T. C. Baker. Reiterative responses to single strands of odor promote sustained upwind flight and odor source location by moths. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5756-5760 (1994). 

Haynes, K.F., Zhao, J. Z. and Latif, A. (1991). Identification of floral compounds from Abelia grandiflora that stimulate upwind flight in cabbage looper moths. Journal of Chemical Ecology 17 637-646. 

Elkinton, J. S., Schal, C., Ono, T. and Card6, R. T. (1987). Pheromone puff trajectory and upwind flight of male gypsy moths in a forest. Physiological Entomology 12 399 106. 

Kuenen, L. P. S. and Carde, R. T. (1993) Effects of moth size on velocity and steering during upwind flight toward a sex pheromone source by Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera Lymantriidae). Journal of Insect Behavior 6 177-193. 

In sustained-flight wind tunnel experiments, it appeared that synthetic E/Zl 1-14 Aid s were equivalent in "attraction" to virgin females (22). Furthermore, in response to these two primary components, some males demonstrated a full range of pre-copulatory behaviors, e.g. upwind flight, courtship and copulatory attempts similar to that when they responded to "calling" virgin females (26). Therefore, it seemed... 

This specificity for the female released blend and ratio of components is controlled by two prominent threshold effects on male flight behavior, one affecting plume orientation and the other sustained upwind flight (8,9). 

Fadamiro, H.Y., Gudrups, E, and Hodges, R.J. 1998. Upwind flight of Prostephanus truncatus is mediated by aggregation pheromone but not food volatiles. J. Stored Prod. Res. 34, 151-158. 

Surge an upwind flight triggered by contact with a pheromone filament... 

T. Baker, Upwind flight and casting flight complimentary phasic and tonic systems used for location of a sex pheromone sources by male moths, Proceedings of the 10th Intemation Symposium on Olfaction and Taste, (1990), pp. 18-25. 

A. Mafra-Neto and R.T. Carde, Influence of plume structure and pheromone concentration on upwind flight of caudra cautella males. Physiol. Entomol. 20 (1995) 117-133. 

Precise Pheromone Blend Composition Determines Intensity of Upwind Flight Behavior... 

Baker TC, Willis MA, Haynes KF, Phelan PL (1985) A pulsed cloud of sex pheromone elicits upwind flight in male moths. Physiol Entomol 10(2) 57-265... 

Vickers NJ, Baker TC (1992) Male Heliothis virescens sustain upwind flight in response to experimentally pulsed filaments of their sex-pheromone. J Insect Behav 5 669-687... 

Figure 1. Specific blends of odorants affect the behavior of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea males. Both species require a secondary component blended with the primary pheromone component, Z11—16 Aid to elicit significant levels of upwind flight and source contact. For H. zea, this component is Z9-16 Ald whereas Z9—l4 Ald is required by H. virescens males. Although males respond to a range of ratios of their respective binary component mixtures, there are clear maxima for each binary blend. Other compounds can act to inhibit upwind flight, even when the attractive binary blend is present in an optimal ratio. For H. virescens, Z11-16 Ac is a potent inhibitor of upwind flight and source location (Vickers Baker 1997) while Z11-16 Ac (Fadamiro Baker, 1997) and Zl 1—l6 OH (Teal et al., 1984) can inhibit attraction to the binary blend for H. zea males.

BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING PHEROMONE-MEDIATED UPWIND FLIGHT... 

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