Upper atmosphere, emission from

Magnetospheric plasmas are produced and heavily influenced by solar emissions and activity and by magnetic fields of the planets. Interplanetary plasmas result from solar emission processes alone. Protons in the solar wind have low densities (10—100/cm ) and temperatures below 10 to more than 10 K (1—10 eV). Their average outward kinetic energy from the sun is approximately 400 eV (58,59). The various 2ones and phenomena from the sun s visible surface to the upper atmosphere of the earth have been discussed (60—62). 

Soil contributes to a greater extent to total carbon storage than do above-ground vegetation in most forests (Johnson and Curtis 2001). The total amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the upper meter of soil is about 1500 x 1015 g C (Eswaran et al. 1993 Batjes 1996), and the global atmospheric pool of CO2 is about 750 x 1015 g C (Harden et al. 1992). The CO2 emission from soil into atmosphere is about 68.0-76.5 1015 g C per year, and this is more than 10 times the CO2 released from fossil fuel combustion (Raich and Potter 1995). Variations in SOC pools and SOM turnover rates, therefore, exert substantial impacts on the carbon cycles of terrestrial ecosystems in terms of carbon sequestration in soil and CO2 emission from soil. 

Under low-pressure conditions in the laboratory or in the upper atmosphere where collisional deactivation is slow, weak radiative transitions from these two excited singlet states to the ground state are observed. The (0, 0) emission bands of the b X - X3X and the a Ag -> X3X transitions occur at 761.9 and 1269 nm, respectively. The 761.9-nm band due to b X is often observed in systems containing the a Ag state because of the energy pooling reaction ... 

The emission from electronically excited atomic and molecular oxygen is the cause of the night airglow. The atmospheric glow originates in the upper atmosphere where the pressure is so low that the radiative decay can compete favourably with the collisional deactivations. 

Nitric oxide is also present in the upper atmosphere its role has been reviewed by Nicolet.326-328 Because of solar radiation, important processes are photoionization, photodissociation, and the formation of electronically excited levels. The continuum seen in the night airglow has often been ascribed to reaction (4). However, both the y and / bands of NO are absent in the night airglow. Since the / and y emissions arise from... 

Atmospheric Reactions. The presence of N(2 >) atoms in the upper atmosphere has been known from the 5200 A emission line observed in the... 

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