Universe thermal history

Tajika, E. (1992) Evolution of the atmosphere and ocean of the Earth global geochemical cycles of C,H,0,N, and S, and degassing history coupled with thermal history. Doctoral Thesis, University Tokyo, 416 pp. 

Figure 17 Isothermal melting of Ziegler-Natta isotactic poly(propylene). (a) Spherulites with mixed birefringence at Tc = 148°C. The top middle figure displays the melting for the same thermal history, (b) Subsequent to crystallization, the temperature was raised to 171°C spherulites acquire negative birefringence, (c), (d) and (e) Isothermal melting at 171°C for 80, 200 and 300 min, respectively. Reproduced with permission from W.T. Huang, Dissertation, Florida State University, 2005. (See Color Plate Section at the end of this book.)...

Fig. 4.1. Schematic thermal history of the Universe showing some of the major episodes envisaged in the standard model. GUTs is short for grand unification theories and MWB is short for (the last scattering of) the microwave background radiation. The Universe is dominated by radiation and relativistic particles up to a time a little before that of MWB and by matter (including non-baryonic matter) thereafter, with dark energy eventually taking over.

A pictorial representation of some of the important events in the thermal history of the universe is shown in Figure 12.5. The description of the evolution of the universe begins at 10-43 s after the Big Bang, the so-called Planck time. The universe at that time had a temperature of 1032K kBT 1019GeV) and a volume that was 10-31 of its current volume. [To convert temperature in K to... 

In summary, the thermal history of the early Universe is very simple. It just assumes a global isotropic and uniform Universe. In its simplest version - no structure of any kind on scales larger than individual particles - the contents of the Universe are determined by "standard elmentary physics" i) ag lobal expansion governed by GR, ii) particles interactions governed by the "Standard Model" of Particle Physics, iii) distributions of particles governed by the laws of Statistical Physics. 

Gafifey M. J. (1990) Thermal history of the asteroid belt implications for accretion of the terrestrial planets. In Origin of the Earth (eds. H. E. Newsom and J. H. Jones). Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 17-28. 

Consolmagno G. J. and Lewis J. S. (1977) Preliminary thermal history models of icy satellites. In Planetary Satellites (ed. J. A. Burns). University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 492-500. 

Schmitz, M. D., Bowring, S. A. Robey, J. v. A. 1998. Constraining the thermal history of an Archean craton U-Pb thermochronology of lower crustal xenoliths from the Kaapvaal craton, southhem Africa. In 7th International Kimberlite Conference, Extended Abstracts. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 766-768. 

The University of Utah pilot-scale combustion test furnace referred to as the "L1500" is a nominal 15 MMBtu/hr (4.4 MW) pilot-scale furnace designed to simulate commercial combustion conditions, particularly the thermal history of operating commercial coal-fired boilers. 

The equilibrium in the hot particle soup is maintained through frequent elementary particle reactions mediated by the quanta of the three fundamental interactions. The expansion of the Universe dilutes the densities and, consequently, the reaction rates get gradually lower. The adiabatic expansion lowers monotonically also the temperature (the average energy density). (Actually, there is a one-to-one mapping between time and temperature.) The following milestones can be listed in the thermal history of the Universe (Kolb and Turner 1990). 

D. S. McWilliams, Study of the Effect of Thermal History on the Structural Relaxation and Thermoviscoelasticity of Amorphous Polymers, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., 1996. 

Yoon PJ (2000). Effect of Thermal History on the Rheological Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes, Doctoral Dissertation at the University of Akron, Akron, Ohio. 

Binder, C. R. "Electron Spin Resonance Its Application to the Study of Thermal and Natural Histories of Organic Sediments", Ph.D. Thesis, Pennsylvania State University, 1965,... 

Thermal analysis techniques have been applied to almost every science area, from archaeology to zoology, and to every type of substance, from alabaster to zeolites. Indeed, it is difficult to find an area of science and technology in which the techniques have not been applied. This truly universal use of thermal analysis is consistent with its early history in. for example, clays, mineralogy, metallurgy, and inorganic substances. 

Eventually, the answer was found by Albert Einstein and the Polish physicist Marian Smoluchowski (1872-1917), then a professor at the University of Lviv. The title of one of Einstein s papers on the theory of Brownian motion is rather telling On the motion of particles suspended in resting water which is required by the molecular-kinetic theory of heat . Einstein and Smoluchowski considered chaotic thermal motion of molecules and showed that it explains it all a Brownian particle is fidgeting because it is pushed by a crowd of molecules in random directions. In other words, you can say that Brownian particles are themselves engaged in chaotic thermal motion. Nowadays, science does not make much distinction between the phrases Brownian motion and thermal motion — the only difference lies back in history. The Einstein-Smoluchowski theory was confirmed by beautiful and subtle experiments by Jean Perrin (1870-1942). This was a long awaited, clear and straightforward proof that all substances are made of atoms and molecules. ... 

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