Universal time coordinate

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The assumptions on which the model rests are too crude to be realistic. In particular, the assumption of a universal time coordinate directly contradicts the basis of general relativity. To avoid the problem de Sitter repeated the calculation based on relativistically curved space-time, with the surprising result of an empty universe with variable radius. The traditional interpretation of this result as an expanding universe is not unique. It could just as well imply space-time with continuous curvature, characteristic of projective space. In the event, both solutions were soon superseded by an expanding-universe cosmology based on a Doppler interpretation of galactic redshifts. 

The predicted de Sitter expansion of empty space should not be interpreted as a property of the universe. The Einstein-de Sitter model describes another non-equilibrium situation in the form of an expanding material imi-verse with a universal time coordinate, orthogonal to a flat 3-dimensional subspace. The tendency here would be to restore equilibrium by spreading the excess density in order to match the pseudo-Euclidean geometry. 

Profiles of averaged factor scores for alertness (arbitrary units) for the outgoing flight and the homegoing flight (UTC Universal Time Coordinates). 

Profiles of three parameters for the EEG alpha band (alpha broadband power, alpha desynchronization index and alpha peak frequency) for the outgoing flight and the homegoing flight. One star denotes an error probability of less than 5%, two stars of less than 1% for the contrasts in the interaction of the factors "time of day" and "flight" (UTC Universal Time Coordinates). 

The exact time of occurrence of the accident was 8 15 a.m. UTC (Universal Time Coordinated), March 20, 1989. All times given in this chapter are expressed as UTC. Intensive evaporation of the liquid pool lasted for up to about eight hours, and the fire was totally extinguished by 5 00 p.m. on March 22 (Lithuanian State Committee for Environmental Protection, 1989). The fire also resulted in releases of nitrogen oxides, fluoride, and chlorine into the air and escape of liquid pollutants into a nearby river. However, because their released amounts have not been quantitatively estimated in the available references, we address only the dispersion of ammonia in the air in this chapter. We also do not address the ammonia releases from the fire. 

Since the velocity of light is about 3.0 X 10 m/s, for instance, 3 m error corresponds to 10 ns. So, in this case, the receiver is able to synchronize to the GPS system time with an accuracy of about 10 ns. The GPS system time is derived from the atomic clocks which are implemented in the GPS ground control stations and the GPS satellites. The GPS Navigation Message included in the GPS signals contains parameters that allow the receiver to calculate the correction time from the GPS system time to the UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) with the accuracy of sub-microsecond order (Dana 1997). Therefore, the GPS receiver for time synchronization provides the precise UTC time. 

If you had a perfect understanding of the universe, you would be able, by applying this insight, to tell a man how much change was in his pocket. Since this amount is an accomplished fact, it would be, at least in principle, possible to calculate. What is important is to understand the true boundaries of reality, not the probable boundaries of possible future events. Although boundary conditions operate on the future, they are probabilistic constraints, not absolutely determined fact. We assume that ten minutes hence, the room we are in will still exist. It is a boundary condition that will define the next ten minutes in our space/time coordinate. But we cannot know who will be in the room ten minutes hence that is free to be determined. 

NIST F-l, which is now the official clock in the United States, provides the extremely accurate timekeeping necessary for modern technology-based operations. NIST F-l is also in the pool of atomic clocks used to define Coordinated Universal Time (known as UTC), the official world time. ... 

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) follows International Atomic Time (TAl) exactly except for an integral number of seconds, presently 32. These leap seconds are inserted on the advice of the International Earth Rotation Service (lERS) to ensure that, on average over the years, the sun is overhead within 0.9 s of 12 00 00 UTC on the meridian of Greenwich. UTC is thus the modern successor of Greenwich Mean Time, GMT, which was used when the unit of time was the mean solar day. 

Theories like those of Lemaitre or Friedmann, which predict an expanding universe, are all based on forcing an affine metric, such as the Robertson-Walker metric, on the projective geometry of space-time. This has the effect of splitting local Minkowski space into separate space and time coordinates, without the natural complex relationship that ties space and time together. 

The most likely configuration must surely be a universe in equilibrium, but not necessarily static equilibrium. Furthermore, the assumption of imi-versally uniform distribution of matter is not necessarily correct, as it ignores the symmetry between matter and antimatter. The single most important mathematical difference between matter and antimatter is in their temporal response. Whatever the topology required to accommodate equal amoimts of matter and antimatter, it cannot contain a privileged cosmic time coordinate. 

Inspired by Riemann s ideas William Clifford proposed, as a modification of Newton s universe, a space with constant positive curvature, except for small local variations. This is the most likely precursor of Einstein s closed 3-sphere universe in which matter is modelled as a pressure-less incoherent fluid, or dust, of constant density. The closure ensures constant density in space, that remains constant by defining a time coordinate orthogonal to space. The Robertson-Walker metric is defined on the same principle of constant density in a comoving coordinate system. 

The universal space-time geometry itself is not necessarily directly observed no apparent departures from a Euclidean model have been found by classical measurements. It might be argued that curved space-time coordinates are split into flat space and time coordinates. There is no direct observational basis for asserting that the Cosmos is Minkowskian at large distances and times. 

The result is a universe that consists of exactly fifty percent antimatter, which however, can never be detected in convential observations - only when the interface is penetrated. Although matter and antimatter therefore occupy the same space, there is no possibihty of direct interaction as the two antipodes of the double cover are at different time coordinates. It is important to realize that transportation along the double cover, through the involution, gradually converts matter into antimatter. 

Because of spatial curvature an initially stationary array of non-interacting particles (ideal gas) spontaneously generates relative internal (zero-point) motion. This intrinsic microscopic instability is responsible for the dispersal of energy and the source of entropy. Transportation along the interface inverts, not only the time coordinate, but also the entropy production. Integrated over the entire closed universe the total entropy production is zero... 

The findings of Newton and Descartes developed into a beautiful model of space-time that served both microphysics and celestial mechanics convincingly well until the end of the nineteenth century. This scheme recognized the three-dimensional aspect of space that extends uniformly along three orthogonal coordinate axes to infinity. Independent of space, the inexorable flow of universal time kept all motion in step. All events unfolded against the... 

More recent procednres of objective analysis practiced at most of the operational forecasting centers consist of the steps schematically described in Fig. 2. Most observed data are collected worldwide every 6 hours, say 00,06,... UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), and are blended into forecast values appropriate to the map time by the process referred to as data assimilation. The basic process of data assimilation, indicated by the boxenclosed by dashed lines in Fig. 2, consists of two steps One is objective analysis and the other is called initialization, which will be detailed in the next subsection. 

Under non-equilibrium conditions, some nonlinear phenomena such as oscillation, chaos and stationary pattern occur are a result of the loss of stability by the steady states, caused by the feedback loops in the processes determining the dynamics of such systems. Such self-organization can be obvious itself as a function of either only time coordinate including simultaneous oscillations of the entire system s state or only spatial coordinate including Turing stmctures or both coordinates including both traveling and chemical waves. The universal fact discovered of such phenomenon in different systems is remarkable in the context of mathematical description. 

Accuracy Degree to which the pulse or signal measured by a particular clock conforms to a reference pulse or signal, such as coordinated universal time. The opposite of accuracy is drift. 

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) UTC, an atomic time scale, is the basis for civil time. It is occasionally adjusted by one-second increments to ensure that the difference between the uniform time scale, defined by atomic clocks, does not differ from the earth s rotation by more than 0.9 sec. Differential A technique used to improve radionavigation system accuracy by determining positioning error at a known location and subsequently transmitting the determined error, or corrective factors, to users of the same radionavigation system, operating in the same area. 

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) The time scale, maintained by the BIH (Bureau International de I Heure), that forms the basis of a coordinated dissemination of standard frequencies and time signals. 

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