Universal Quasi-Chemical Activity Coefficient

Laar Margules Wilson nonrandom, two liquid phases (NRTL), or Renon-Prausnitz and Universal Quasi-Chemical Activity Coefficients (UNIQUAC). All of these equations have two constants except for the NRTL, which has three. 

A group contribution method called UNIFAC, an acronym which stands for the UNIQUAC Functional Group Activity Coefficient (UNIQUAC stands for the Universal Quasi-chemical Activity Coefficient), has been developed for estimating liquid-phase activity coefficients in non-electrolyte mixtures. The UNIFAC method is fully described by Fredenslund, Jones and Prausnitz (1975) and Skold-Jorgensen, Rasmussen and Fredenslund (1982). 

These models are semiempirical and are based on the concept that intermolecular forces will cause nonrandom arrangement of molecules in the mixture. The models account for the arrangement of molecules of different sizes and the preferred orientation of molecules. In each case, the models are fitted to experimental binary vapor-liquid equilibrium data. This gives binary interaction parameters that can be used to predict multicomponent vapor-liquid equilibrium. In the case of the UNIQUAC equation, if experimentally determined vapor-liquid equilibrium data are not available, the Universal Quasi-chemical Functional Group Activity Coefficients (UNIFAC) method can be used to estimate UNIQUAC parameters from the molecular structures of the components in the mixture3. 

Here y,1 and y,2 are the corresponding activity coefficients of component i in phase 1 and 2, Xj1, and x,2 are the mole fraction of components i in the system and in phase 1 and 2 respectively. The interaction parameters between methylcyclohexane, methanol and ethyl benzene are used to estimate the activity coefficients from the UNIQUAC groups. Eqs. (1) and (2) are solved for the mole fraction (x) of component i in the two liquid phase.The UNIQUAC model (universal quasi -chemical model) is given by Abrams and prausnitz [8] as... 

UNIQUAC functional group activity coefficient universal quasi-chemical [15]... 

The UNIFAC (UNIQUAC functional group activity coefficient) method is an extension of the UNIQUAC (Universal quasi chemical) method, which has been used widely in chemical process engineering to describe partitioning in organic systems as occur in petroleum and chemical processing (Fredenslund et al., 1975,1977). It has been applied less frequently to aqueous systems. It expresses the activity coefficient as the sum of a "combinational" component, which quantifies the nature of the area "seen" by the solute molecule, and a "residual" component, which is deduced from group contributions. Arbuckle (1983,1986), Banerjee (1985), Banerjee and Howard (1988), and Campbell and Luthy (1985) have tested the applicability of the method to water solubility. 

Uniquac Functional-group Activity Coefficient (where UNIQUAC = Universal Quasi-Chemical)... 

Modern theoretical developments in the molecular thermodynamics of liquid-solution behavior are based on the concept of local composition. Within a liquid solution, local compositions, different from the overall mixture composition, are presumed to account for the short-range order and nonrandom molecular orientations that result from differences in molecular size and intermolecular forces. The concept was introduced by G. M. Wilson in 1964 with the publication of a model of solution behavior since known as the Wilson equation. The success of this equation in the correlation of VLE data prompted the development of alternative local-composition models, most notably the NRTL (Non-Random-Two Liquid) equation of Renon and Prausnitz and the UNIQUAC (UNIversal QUAsi-Chemical) equation of Abrams and Prausnitz. A further significant development, based on the UNIQUAC equation, is the UNIFAC method,tt in which activity coefficients are calculated from contributions of the various groups making up the molecules of a solution. 

It would be desirable to apply analytical expressions for the activity coefficient, which are not only able to describe the concentration dependence, but also the temperature dependence correctly. Presently, there is no approach completely fulfilling this task. But the newer approaches, as for example, the Wilson [13], NRTL (nonrandom two liquid theory) [14], and UNIQUAC (universal quasi-chemical theory) equation [15] allow for an improved description of the real behavior of multicomponent systems from the information of the binary systems. These approaches are based on the concept of local composition, introduced by Wilson [13]. This concept assumes that the local composition is different from the overall composition because of the interacting forces. For this approach, different boundary cases can be distinguished ... 

Traditional activity coefficient based thermodynamic models have been successfully used to describe several LLE systems. The nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model of Renon and Prausnitz (1968) and the universal quasi-chemical (UNIQUAC) method of Abrams and Prausnitz (1975) models have been used to correlate LLE data for the many multi-component mixtures (Ghanadzadeh et al., 2009 Se and Aznar, 2002), while a group contribution method (UNIFAC) (Fredenslund et. al., 1977) has been widely used to predict the LLE systems. 

It is evidently of considerable interest to be able to predict activity coefficients without resorting to experimentation, and immense strides have in fact been made in recent decades to accomplish this goal. Among a number of promising approaches, an analytical expression known as the UNIQUAC equation (UNIversal QUAsi Chemical equation) has received the most widespread acceptance. In this model, the activity coefficient is decomposed into two constituents, one of which, termed combinatorial (C), accounts for molecular size and shape differences, while the other, denoted residual (R), expresses effects due to molecular interactions. 

---