United States Prohibition

The beverage art, however, has been distinguished in another way. It has had to suffer under the inherent conservative tendency of any old art, and also it has been specially hampered by various legal bedevilments. The era just past in the United States, prohibition, may be likened, by not a too strained analogy, to the Dark Ages in Europe from the fourth to the fourteenth... 

Sulfites and related compounds have been the subject of much controversy. It has been shown that these chemicals may cause serious allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. In the United States, sulfite-containing foods must be labeled as such, and sulfites ate prohibited in areas such as salad bats where labeling is inappropriate. 

Shale Oil. In the United States, shale oil, or oil derivable from oil shale, represents the largest potential source of Hquid hydrocarbons that can be readily processed to fuel Hquids similar to those derived from natural petroleum. Some countries produce Hquid fuels from oil shale. There is no such industry in the United States although more than 50 companies were producing oil from coal and shale in the United States in 1860 (152,153), and after the oil embargo of 1973 several companies reactivated shale-oil process development programs (154,155). Petroleum supply and price stabiHty has since severely curtailed shale oil development. In addition, complex environmental issues (156) further prohibit demonstration of commercial designs. 

In the United States and increasingly in other parts of the world, environmental regulations prohibit the combustion of all but very low sulfur-content coals without sulfur oxide emission controls. The cost of installing sulfur oxide control equipment together with concern about equipment rehabihty have led to the shipment of the lower rank low sulfur coals from up to 1600 km away from the mining site. 

Alkyl mercury compounds were used widely in the United States as seed disinfectants until prohibited in 1970. Subsequentiy, in 1972, the EPA prohibited the use of ah mercury compounds in agriculture (15). 

The Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1988 amended the FD C Act to estabUsh newer safeguards for the national distribution of prescription dmg products. It limits the reimportation of dmg products manufactured in the United States to the product manufacturers only. It also prohibits the selling, trading, and purchasing of sample dmg products and places restrictions upon their distribution. 

In the United States, the Alcohol Tax Unit came into being with the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, and it became the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax division of the Internal Revenue Service in 1952. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF), established in 1972, and the Department of the Treasury closely regulate the manufacture of distilled spirits. 

Three industrial processes have been used for the production of ethyl chloride hydrochlorination of ethylene, reaction of hydrochloric acid with ethanol, and chlorination of ethane. Hydrochlorination of ethylene is used to manufacture most of the ethyl chloride produced in the United States. Because of its prohibitive cost, the ethanol route to ethyl chloride has not been used commercially in the United States since about 1972. Thermal chlorination of ethane has the disadvantage of producing undesired by-products, and has not been used commercially since about 1975. 

In the United States the use of coal-tar dyes ia eye makeup is geaerally prohibited. The use of permanent and temporary hair colorants (Tables 16 and 17) and of organic dyes and their lakes is precluded. As a result, only iasoluble inorganic pigments can be used (Table 9). The sensitivity of the eye... 

England issued the first English food law, which included the prohibition of the adulteration of bread with such ingredients as ground peas or beans [1]. The earliest history of food law in the United States occurred as follows ... 

Then there was prime ammunition. Even as late as two years after the war started, the British Purchasing Commission tried to buy tetrazene prime ammunition in the United States, and failed because sale was prohibited by an arrangement made by a Farben subsidiary. 

On direct examination by his defense counsel, Ter Meer had stated that in 1936 the German government issued an order prohibiting the giving of the know-how for processing and manufacture of buna rubber to anyone in the United States. 

I was then, in 1943, Chief Counsel of the Treasury s Foreign Funds Control. The Treasury had prohibited financial transactions between occupied Europe and the United States, and we had been studying how we might use the power of foreign exchange to get some refugees, Jewish and non-Jewish, out of Europe. 

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