United Kingdom findings

In Europe, 1. G. Earbenindustrie decided to develop nylon-6 that had been synthesized from S-caprolactam using an aminocaproic acid catalyst (1) and commercially introduced as Pedon L in 1940 (11,12). 1. G. Earbenindustrie had evaluated over 3000 polyamide constituents without finding an improvement over nylon-6 and nylon-6,6 (13). In Italy, Societa Rhodiaceta started making nylon-6,6 in 1939. In the United Kingdom, ICl and Courtaulds formed British Nylon Spinners in 1940 and started to manufacture nylon-6,6 in 1941. 

Calls to help the wider community were frequent and, always, he seemed able to find time to assist. For 15 years, he was chief scientific advisor for civil defence in the Midland Region of the United Kingdom. As a member of the... 

The findings of these studies are in accordance with an earlier study performed by the British economists Taylor and Silberston. Based on a survey of R D managers in the United Kingdom, they estimated that pharmaceutical R D expenditures would be reduced by 64% in the absence of patent protections. By contrast, the corresponding reduction was only 8% across all industries. Similar findings were reported by Edwin Mansfield, in a survey of the research directors of 100 U.S. corporations. ... 

Finally, cost effectiveness can change over time if new clinical data become available or clinicians find more efficient ways to use a particular treatment technology (e.g., by adjusting dosage without losing clinical effect). Therefore, it is important to review the recommendations of reimbursement agencies from time to time. In the United Kingdom, NICE seeks to review its recommendations every three years or more often if necessary. 

Coppen et al. (176, 177) performed a collaborative study at four separate centers, randomly assigning patients to lithium or placebo for up to 2 years. This study used a slightly different design, in that patients who relapsed or became more symptomatic, short of relapse, were treated with other medications (excluding lithium) so they could remain in the study. The results were consistent with earlier findings. In the United Kingdom, Cundall and associates ( 178) confirmed these earlier findings in a separate study. 

Farmer RD, Lawrenson RA. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolic disease the findings from database studies in the United Kingdom and Germany. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998 179(3 Pt 2) S78-86. 

Chemical Defense Establishment of the British War Office, was part of a larger effort by scientists in the United Kingdom and United States to explore the pharmacological and clinical aspects of mustard gas injury (Beale 1993).9 The first successful results appeared in April 1941. A year later Auerbach and Robson delivered their initial report of these experiments to the British Ministry of Supply. The report was considered confidential, however, and British censors delayed full disclosure of their findings until the war s end.10 In the interim, but still a full three years after completion of their initial experiment, Auerbach and Robson managed to publish a half-page research note in Nature (Auerbach and Robson 1944). That brief communication is remarkable mainly as an artifact of the British wartime security apparatus and less as an announcement heralding an important scientific discovery. 

In order to alleviate this problem, derivatization can be employed. One of the easiest processes, for the analysis of amphetamine, is to derivatize directly with carbon disulfide and it is this method which finds wide application in the United Kingdom. For bulk and trace samples, this is achieved by dissolving the material... 

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