Unexplainable Phenomena

The unexplained phenomena included the observation of atomic line spectra, the nuclear structure of the atom, the nature of light, and the photoelectric effect. Certain experimental observations in these areas did not conform to the expectations of classical mechanics. But to really see why a new mechanics was necessary, it is important to review each of these phenomena and understand why classical mechanics did not explain the observations. 

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I have refrained from introducing these refinements explicitly into the algebra, but the ideas will explain at least qualitatively some otherwise puzzling and hitherto unexplained phenomena to be discussed in Section 4. 

There is at present no satisfactory explanation of these differences, which must be added to the long list of unexplained phenomena in the field of chemical carcinogenesis. 

The year is 2012 and you are the chief FBI investigator of unsolved cases involving paranormal or unexplained phenomena. Your background in mathematics makes you especially interested in those cases that may be explained by studying the fourth dimension. 

Low-level exposures to nerve agents might be associated with unexplainable phenomena like the Gulf War Syndrome (CIA, 1997). 

By means of such assumptions, Werner was able to account for certain previously unexplained phenomena, such as the formation of tetrahydro-terephthalic acid by reduction of A dihydroterephthalic acid. It must be admitted, however, that this so-called 1,4 addition to conjugated double bonds was later explained in a more satisfactory manner by Johannes Thiele s theory of partial valences. 

You now know that the behavior of light can be explained only by a dual wave-particle model. Although this model was successful in accounting for several previously unexplainable phenomena, an understanding of the relationships among atomic structure, electrons, and atomic emission spectra still remained to be established. 

In the recent past, analytical research in Celestial Mechanics has centred on KAM theory and its applications to the dynamics of low dimensional Hamiltonian systems. Results were used to interpret observed solutions to three body problems. Order was expected and chaos or disorder the exception. Researchers turned to the curious exception, designing analytical models to study the chaotic behaviour at resonances and the effects of resonant overlaps. Numerical simulations were completed with ever longer integration times, in attempts to explore the manifestations of chaos. These methods improved our understanding but left much unexplained phenomena. 

This division does not necessarily correspond to any physically measurable boundary. The edge of the boundary layer does not correspond to any sudden change in the flow but rather corresponds to an arbitrary mathematical definition. Even with this simplification, the calculations are very difficult, and in general only approximate mathematical solutions are possible. Nonetheless, this idea clarified numerous unexplained phenomena and provided a much better intellectual basis for discussing complicated flows than had existed previously. As a result, the boundary layer has become a standard idea in the minds of fluid mechanicians. Once it became accepted in fluid mechanics, an analogous idea was tried in heat transfer and in mass transfer, generally with useful results. 

The dual wave-particle model of light accounted for several previously unexplainable phenomena, but scientists still did not understand the relationships among atomic structure, electrons, and atomic emission spectra. Recall that hydrogens atomic emission spectrum is discontinuous that is, it is made up of only certain frequencies of light. Why are the atomic emission spectra of elements discontinuous rather than continuous Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist working in Rutherford s laboratory in 1913, proposed a quantum model for the hydrogen atom that seemed to answer this question. Bohr s model also correctly predicted the frequencies of the lines in hydrogens atomic emission spectrum. 

Two very curious but heretofore unexplained phenomena relate to the interaction of reduced polyoxometalates with O2 and are addressed by our experiments described right below. The first involves the lack of oxygenated products seen in the photochemical functionalization of heptacyclotetradecane (HCTD) in the presence of O2 by Christina Prosser-McCartha. The second involves two observations by Neumann and Levin, namely, the suppression of tetralin autoxidation and the clean conversion of a-terpinene to p-cymene in the presence of O2 without formation of oxygenated products. 

Jacobs presented the intricate relationship between super-saturation of solutions, nucleation, and crystallization. Several theories describe the kinetics of nucleation and the effects of various "impurity" solutes. Host-guest interactions between templates and solvents and crystallites-to-be are much more mysterious and unpredictable. Interactions between these various partners are dynamic rather than static. The old "hand-in-glove" model doesn t explain synthesis specificity any more. It should be discarded. There are many unexplained phenomena. Derouane has mentioned a particularly puzzling example ZSM-5 seeds may lead to beta zeolite. 

We shall now discuss some examples which go to show that also in theoretically less simple cases which cannot be treated quantitatively in an exact way, qualitative consideration of the same general principles may be of great help to reach a better understanding of many hitherto unexplained phenomena. 

FuUerene peapods represent another class of nanotube-based materials, which have been widely studied by spectroelectrochemistry [99-102]. The doping behavior of these materials is in general somewhat analogous to DWCNTs, but there are still some unexplained phenomena, such as the anomalous enhancement of the Ag(2) mode of CgQ SWCNT at high anodic potentials [103]. Hence, further investigation of these materials is needed. 

Despite the several lines of explanations given here, there are today more open problems and unexplained phenomena in this fast growing field of bioelectrochemistry, which will evolve to a new powerful tool in gene- and biotechnology as well as in medicine. 

Other attempts were made to explain the nature of light in terms of blackbody radiation, but none were any more successful than the Rayleigh-Jeans law. The matter remained unsolved until 1900. All of the above unexplained phenomena... 

List some unexplainable phenomena from classical science and describe what could not be explained about them at the time. 

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