Underwater Explosives Research

University of California Radiation Laboratory unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine Univetsal (ultra hi-frequency) Doppler (supersedes DOVAP) Underwater Demolition Unit Union Espaftola de Explosivos, Sociedad Andnima(Span) Underwater Explosives Research Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass University of Florida, Gainesville... 

UERD Underwater Explosions Research Division, Norfolk Naval Shipyard... 

UERL Underwater Explosives Research Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass... 

W.G. Penny and H.K Dasgupta, Underwater Explosion Research vol.l,Office of Naval Research,(1950),35. 

Roth, J., Underwater Explosives, Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items, Vol. 10, US Army Research and Development Command, Dover, NJ, pp. U38-U81, 1983. 

Division 8 established a central Explosives Research Laboratory (ERL) near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and later an Underwater Explosives... 

G. Bjarnholt und R. Holmberg, Explosive Expansion Work in Underwater Detonations. Reprints of the Sixth Symposium on Detonation, San Diego, 1976 (iiber Office of Naval Research, San Diego, USA). 

The underwater sensor platform is derived from the Fido explosives vapor sensor, originally developed under the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Dog s Nose Program. The vapor sensor, whose operation is discussed in Chapters 7 and 9 and in other publications [7-9], was developed for the task of landmine detection. The underwater adaptation of the sensor is very similar to the vapor sensor. In the underwater implementation of the sensor, thin films of polymers are deposited onto glass or sapphire substrates. The emission intensity of these films is monitored as water (rather than air) flows past the substrate. If the concentration of TNT in the water beings to rise, the polymer will exhibit a measurable reduction in fluorescence intensity. The reduction in emission intensity is proportional to the concentration of target analyte in the water. Because the sensor is small, lightweight, and consumes little power, it proved to be ideal for deployment on autonomous platforms. 

In 2001, the Fido system was modified to operate underwater and became known as the SeaDog. The U.S. Navy Office of Naval Research (ONR), under its Chemical Sensing in the Marine Environment (CSME) Program, funded the integration of the SeaDog with an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The integrated system was able to map a plume of trinitrotoluene (TNT) in open water in real time. This was the first demonstration of the mapping of an explosive plume underwater in real time [9, 10],... 

Some Japanese researchers at the Kyoto University of Medicines have developed a new method for removal of large stones (mineral deposits) in kidney and bladder by using micro-explosive charges without any surgery [118-120]. Recently, applications of underwater shock waves have been extended to various clinical therapies for example, in orthopedic surgery for bone formation [121, 122], in cancer therapy, for enhancement of chemotherapeutic effects [123] and in drug delivery [124, 125]. 

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