U.K. Atomic Energy Authority

Hymes, J. 1983. The physiological and pathological effects of thermal radiation. SRD R 275. U.K. Atomic Energy Authority. 

MaVchliNe, J. and Templeton, W. L. (1963). Dispersion in the Irish Sea of the radioactive liquid effluent from Windscale Works of the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority, Nature 198, 623. 

Gettings, M., Kinloch, A. J. Surface characterization and adhesive bonding of stainless steels. U. K. Atomic Energy Authority, Elarwell, England, 1978... 

Following successful pilot-plant tests at Chalk River [N4], the Butex process was adopted for large-scale separation of plutonium, uranium, and fission products from natural uranium irradiated to low bumup at the Windscale plant of the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority [H8]. Even after its use in this application was replaced by the Purex process, the Butex process remained in use at Windscale for primary decontamination of high-bumup fuel until the 1970s. Then an explosion, probably due to reaction of nitric acid vnth solvent, terminated its use. 

A plant producing 2 kg of B per year by equilibrium distillation of the complex of BF3 and diethyl ether, BF3 (CjHj)jO, was operated by 20th Century Electronics, Ltd., in New Addington, England [El]. The process, developed by the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), is generally similar to the U.S. process using the dimethyl ether complex. Both plants ate operated at subatmospheric pressure, to minimize ineversible decomposition of the complex. 

Brown, D., Whittaker, B., De Paoli, G., The thermal stability and other physical properties of protactiiuum penta- and tetra-iodide, U. K. Atomic Energy Authority, Report AERE-R 8367, (1976), 12 pp.. Cited on page 260. 

A. Rosevear and C. A. Lambe (U.K. Atomic Energy Authority). Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 62,457,13-10-1982, GB Appl. 81/10,421,02-04-1981. Biological production of chemical compounds ( malicine and serpentine are excreted in growth regulator-free medium, after placing the cell in a bag in this medium). Chem. Abstr. 98, 33079J. 

A. Rosevear and S. D. Roe (U.K. Atomic Energy Authority). Ger. Offen. DE 3,616,357, 20-ll-86,GB Appl. 85/12,438, 16-05-1985. Secondary metabolite manufacture using immobilized cells and affinity chromatography in a continuous flow process (continuous flow serpentine production by immobilized cells the culture medium was recirculated through a Cis cartridge). Chem. Abstr. 107, 57438L... 

The mixed oxide cake is dissolved in acid, preferably nitric acid, and further purified. Hydrogen peroxide may be added to assist the dissolution. In the early process developed by the American Battelle Memorial Institute, the nitrates are passed directly to a solvent extraction stage (Chapter 4). In their later process and the corresponding process of the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority, - the prior precipitation of thorium hydroxide away from the major part of the rare earths is advised, this being accomplished by a basicity separation step using sodium hydroxide at a pH of 5-8 to 6-0. 

In the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority s process a 34 kg batch of crushed ferroniobium, at a particle size below 100 mesh, is dissolved in 34 kg of potassium hydroxide and 50 1. of water, at a temperature of 100°C. Hydrogen is evolved according to the reaction ... 

Chlorination of ferroniobium has been carried out by the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority first at the Culcheth Laboratories and later at Spring-fields, in a development plant with a capacity of about 1 tonne/annum. As with some other chlorination processes, the design and operation of plant for the reaction with chlorine itself is relatively easy, and a major proportion of the effort must be devoted to the production of the niobium pentachloride or trichloride in a pure state. In this case the problem is made particularly difficult by the presence of a high proportion of tantalum in the ferroniobium, an element which beairs a very close resemblance to niobium in its chemical properties. The physical properties of its compounds are also similar to the corresponding niobium compounds. 

The tributyl phosphate purification process- 73, 74 developed by the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority can accept feed solutions containing thorium which have been produced in a number of ways. - Monazite may be broken with sulphuric acid, the thorium selectively precipitated as oxalate from the major part of the rare earth constituents and dissolved in... 

A production-scale prototype fluidization process has operated at the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority s Springfields Works. It consists of three batch type reactors for denitration, hydrogen reduction and hydrofluorination, with pneumatic solids transfer between. 

Thorium metal powder was produced on a small production scale for a number of years in a U.K. Atomic Energy Authority factory in Sheffield, managed by Messrs Firth Brown Ltd. o, but this has now been discontinued. The semi-continuous type of process was employed in which kilogram batches (on a thorium basis) of mixed calcium and thorium oxide are passed through a furnace in nickel boats. 

Besides published research papers, review articles and works of reference, material for a volume of this type normally arises from an author s own background and experience. In this connection, I wish to acknowledge the work of those of my colleagues and associates in the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority whose work has contributed to the design of various Authority processes which have been discussed. I also wish to thank those outside the Authority, concerned with rare metal extraction, whose factories I have had the privilege of visiting. 

M. P. Vukalovich and V. V. Atunin, Thermophysical Properties of Carbon Dioxide translated into English under the direction of the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority, ed. D. S. Gaunt, Colletts, London, 1968. 

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