Types of Drugs

In the United States today, the legal standard by which good and bad drugs are now measured is the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. This act divides all known drugs into one of five classes, known as schedules. The primary criterion by which a compound is placed into one or another schedule is its potential for abuse, that is, its potential for addictive or otherwise harmful nonmedical applications. The Controlled Substances Act provides detailed descriptions of, restrictions on, and penalties for the use of chemical compounds in each of the five schedules. These schedules are defined as follows  

Some of the restrictions on and penalties for the illegal use of compounds in each of the five schedules are shown in the chart opposite. 

Drug deals are often conducted close to schools and even on school grounds. (Will and Deni Mclntyre/Photo Researchers, Inc.) 

SCHEDULE REGISTRATION PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION DISPENSING LIMITS AND 

1 Yes Yes Order forms Research use only 0-20 years/ 1 million 

1 Lipitor (Parke-Davis) Atorvastatin 48.8 High cholesterol 

2 Premarin (Wyeth-Ayerst) Conj. estrogens 46.8 Menopause 

4 HYCD/APAP (Watson) Hydrocodone/APAP 36.5 Pain 

23 Lanoxin (Glaxo Wellcome) Digoxin 19.6 Heart failure 

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The simpler substance apoharmine according to Flury causes increased reflex excitability in the dog. In the frog it produces a like effect which with larger doses goes on to tetanus. Esterification of harmol with methylcarbamic acid induces affinities with the physostigmine type of drug. ... 

Antispasmodic. A general term for any one of several types of drugs that block contraction of the gut. 

Permeation of a drug through biological membranes against the electrochemical gradient. This type of drug transport requires energy produced by intracellular metabolic processes. 

An effect of opening K+ channels is to hypetpolarise the primary sensory neurons. Similarly to local anaesthetics, this makes the cell less likely to produce an action potential because more depolarising stimuli are needed to overcome the block. NS 1619 is an example of this type of drug which has initially shown antitussive activity in a variety of experimental systems. 

Discuss the various types of drug reactions produced in the body. 

Discuss the types of drug interactions that may be seen with drug administration. 

In liver disease, for example, the ability to metabolize or detoxify a specific type of drug may be impaired. If the average or normal dose of the drug is given, the liver may be unable to metabolize the drug at a normal rate Consequently, the drug may be excreted from the body at a much slower rate than normal. The primary health care provider may then decide to prescribe a lower dose and lengthen the time between doses because liver function is abnormal. 

After die administration of any type of drug, die nurse is responsible for die following... 

The extent of the assessment and collection of objective and subjective data before and after a drug is administered will depend on the type of drug and the reason for its use... 

StevensJohnson syndrome isa serious and sometimes fatal hypetsenslivity reaction. The nurse must be alert for lesions on the skin and mucous membranes , a diagnostically important symptom of this syndrome. The lesons appear as red wheats or blisters , often starting on the face, in the mouth, or on the lips neck, and extremities This syndrome, which also may occur with the administration of other types of drugs can be fatal. The nurse must notify the primary health care provider and withhold the next dose of the drug. In addition, the nurse must exercise care to prevent injury to the involved areas... 

Drug that counteract the effects of the narcotic analgesics are the narcotic antagonists. These drugp compete with the narcotics at the receptor sites and are used to reverse the depressant effects of the narcotic analgesics. Both types of drug are discussed in this chapter. 

List the types of drugs used to treat musculoskeletal disorders. 

List the five types of drugs used as anticonvulsants. 

The text contains 58 chapters, which are divided into 11 units. Organization of the text in this manner allows the student to move about the text when these general areas are covered in the curriculum. While pharmacologic agents are presented in specific units, a disease may be treated with more than one type of drug, which may require consulting one or more units. 

Unit XI consists of three chapters that discusses types of drugs not previously discussed or that are not members of a particular class or group. Chapters in this unit include topical drugs used in the treatment of skin disorders, otic and ophthalmic preparations, and fluids and electrolytes. 

Supplementary requirements for specific types of drug products are contained in other Parts ofGhapters 9 and 21 of the Gode of Federal Regulations, as summarised in Table 11.1. IGH Q7 guideline provides globally harmonised principles ofGMP for APIs. 

Table 11.1 US current Good Manufacturing Practice (cCMP) regulations for specific types of drug products.

Two basic types of drug-loaded fibers have been reported. 

Figure 23.3 Types of drug users and some of the factors that may lead to use of drugs. The triangle represents a simple model whereby three main types of users can be identified—any individual can be at any point on the lines...

The L-type Ca channels have the richest pharmacology of all Ca channels studied to date. Many different types of drugs have been demonstrated to bind to L-type Ca channels and modify their ability to open [4,14,15]. Most of these drugs block Ca channels and are referred to by many as channel antago-... 

Distribution channels — includes all types of drug outlet. 

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