Turbidity efficiency

As presented in Table 3, the turbidity of membrane effluent is below 0.1 NTU when the turbidity of influent is 4.1 19.0 NTU, which indicated that ultrafiltration membrane could remove turbidity efficiently, and not be affected by the changes of inflow. 

COD, color removal and turbidity efficiencies Ycod, Ycol and Yabs) are expressed as percentage and defined as ... 

Both vacuum and pressure filters are used. Turbidity is more easily removed by vacuum filters, usually at 85% efficiency. Flow rates are low, ca 4 mL/(cm -min) [1 gal/(ft -min)] these filters are not practical for treating large volumes. 

A. Ethyl N- p-tolylsulfonylmethyl)carhamate,[Carbamic acid, (4 -methyl-phenylsulfonylmethyl)-, ethyl ester]. A solution of 178 g. (1.0 mole) of sodium p-toluenesulfinate (Note 1) in 1 1. of water is placed in a 3-1., three-necked daak, equipped with a condenser, an efficient mechanical stirrer, and a thermometer. After addition of 100 ml. (108 g.) of a 34—37% solution of formaldehyde ca. 1.2-1.4 moles) (Note 2), 107 g. (1.2 moles) of ethyl carbamate (Note 3), and 250 ml. of formic acid (Note 4), the stirred solution is heated to 70°. Soon after this temperature is reached, the reaction mixture becomes turbid by separation of the... 

Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration will remove many contaminants. Perhaps most important is the reduction of turbidity. This treatment yields water of good clarity and enhances disinfection efficiency. If particles are not removed, they harbor bacteria and make fmal disinfection more difficult. 

In this context it is the separation of solids from water by forcing the water through a porous filter media. The objective is typically to reduce the level of TDS in the water and often to reduce both the size of the particle remaining and the turbidity of the water. Filtration efficiency and quality is a function of many variable factors, although filtration is usually carried out at relatively low velocities, where velocity and pressure drop are directly related to each other. Typically a sand filter will remove a high percentage of particles above a diameter of 20 to 30 pm, whereas dual or multimedia filtration is required to remove particles down to a diameter of 10 to 20... 

MF presents high efficiency eliminating turbidity and suspended solids but the MF effluent does not present standard characteristics for reuse in most industrial applications. So MF is usually used as UF pretreatment. 

Table 4 summarizes the efficiency of membrane filtration as preliminary treatment in the hybrid process to obtain regenerated water for industrial reuse. Working with the adequate cleaning cycle to avoid fouling and to keep a constant flux (10 1 min ) important reduction in suspended solids (90%) and turbidity (60%) of the wastewaters is achieved but there is no significant reduction of other chemical or physical parameters, e.g., conductivity, alkalinity or TDS, or inactivation of E. coli. 

Table 4 summarizes the efficiency of this hybrid MFAJV/NF process. Reduction of conductivity, turbidity, suspended solids and TDS was close to 100%. Conductivity values were reduced down to average values of 200 pS cm while turbidity and TDS reached 1.2 NTU and 102 mg 1 respectively. Thus, regenerated water could meet the standards for cooling and boiler feedwater [11]. 

This requires other kinds of sensors, including those for inlet water hardness, water conductivity, outlet water turbidity in order to control the efficiency of the washing and... 

Free product, suspended solids, and highly turbid waste streams lower UV reactor efficiency. The CAV-OX process does not treat metals. It may, however, oxidize metallic ions or reduce metallic salts while destroying organic contaminants. The disadvantages of the CAV-OX process include high energy consumption, not cost effective at high contaminant concentrations, and the process mechanisms are not well documented. 

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