Tuberomammillary nucleus neurons

Yang, Q. Z. Hatton, G. I. (1997). Electrophysiology of excitatory and inhibitory afferents to rat histaminergic tuberomammillary nucleus neurons from hypothalamic and forebrain sites. Brain Res. 773, 162-72. 

The histamine neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus, in the posterior hypothalamus, project to the cortex and thalamus and receive an afferent input from... 

Figure 2.4 Flip-flop switch model of wake and slow wave sleep active systems. Mutually inhibitory connections exist between GABAergic/Galaninergic slow wave sleep active neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) of the anterior hypothalamus and aminergic neurons in the hypothalamus (histamine (HA) neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)) and brainstem (serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe (DR) and noradrenaline (NA) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC)). Orexinergic neurons in the perifornical hypothalamus (PFH) stabilize the waking state via excitation of the waking side of the flip-flop switch (aminergic neurons).

Figure 6.2 The location and distribution of the histamine-containing neurons in the brain. These neurons are localized in the tuberomammiUaiy nucleus within the posterior hypothalamus and send projections throughout the brain. Abbreviations Hi, hippocampus Hy, hypothalamus IC, inferior colliculus OB, olfactory bulb SC, superior colliculus SI, substantia innominata St, striatum TH, thalamus TMN, tuberomammillary nucleus. Adapted from Watanabe Yanai (2001).

Ericson, H., Blomqvist, A. Kohler, C. (1991). Origin of neuronal inputs to the region of the tuberomammillary nucleus of the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 311, 45-64. 

Eriksson, K. S., Sergeeva, O., Brown, R. E. 8r Haas, H. L. (2001a). Orexin/hypocretin excites the histaminergic neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus. J. Neurosci. 21, 9273-9. 

The importance of peptide transmitters in the modulation of sleep and wakefulness has become apparent in recent years. Previous work had focused on the role of monoamines in the circuitry that regulates the transitions between states of vigilance. Histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus are known to be key players in the activation of subcortical afferents during wakefulness (Wada et al, 1991). Activity of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus correlates with the state of vigilance (Jones, 1991). The role of serotonergic neurons in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has also been established (Lydic et al., 1987 Monti Jantos, 1992 Fabre et al., 2000). 

Other areas of the human brain have not been studied in detail. In Alzheimer s disease, neurofibrillary tangles are found to colocalize with histamine in the tuberomammillary areas in the posterior hypothalamus1, and significantly reduced neuron numbers of the tuberomammillary nucleus in Alzheimer s brains33 have been reported. 

Immunocytochemical studies have demonstrated the existence of histaminergic neurons, which are concentrated in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus, and which give rise to fibers to almost all parts of the brain (reviewed by Wada... 

Histamine neurons are exclusively localized in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus and project widely thorough the central nervous system (CNS). The histamine H3... 

Sherin, J. E., Elmquist, J. K., Torrealba, F., 8r Saper, C. B. (1998). Innervation of histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons by GABAergic and galaninergic neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the rat. J Neurosci. 18,... 

The neurotransmitter histamine (HA) exerts several functions in the hypothalamus [1-2] including an involvement in the neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary hormone secretion [3]. HA has no effect directly at the level of the pituitary gland, but influences the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones either by an exerted e.g. in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on other central transmitters or hypothalamic regulating factors, which subsequently regulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones. In addition, HA acts on the supraoptic nucleus (SON) in the hypothalamus where the posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized and thereby exerts a direct effect on the release of the posterior pituitary hormones. Immunohistochemical studies have revealed that the histaminergic neurons, which originate in the tuberomammillary nuclei of the posterior hypothalamus, densely innervate most of the hypothalamic areas involved in the neuroendocrine control of pituitary hormone secretion [4-5]. Within the last two decades the effect of HA on pituitary hormone secretion have been explored in several studies and it has been... 

---