Tube Alloys project

Fluorine. Fluorine is the most reactive product of all electrochemical processes (63). It was first prepared in 1886, but important quantities of fluorine were not produced until the early 1940s. Fluorine was required for the production of uranium hexafluoride [7783-81 -5] UF, necessary for the enrichment of U (see DIFFUSION SEPARATION METHODS). The Manhattan Project in the United States and the Tube Alloy project in England contained parallel developments of electrolytic cells for fluorine production (63). The principal use of fluorine continues to be the production of UF from UF. ... 

TUBE ALLOYS PROJECT. See DIRECTORATE OF TUBE ALLOYS. 

Shortly after arriving in England, Bohr was briefed on the progress that had been made toward developing an atomic bomb. At the time there were bomb projects in both the United Kingdom and the United States. The U.K. project was code named Tube Alloys, the... 

U.S. one the Manhattan Project. Bohr was made a scientific adviser to Tube Alloys and an adviser to the American project also. He left London on November 28, bound for the United States, where he spent eight months at Los Alamos. 

The name Trilon 83, and Trilon 146 for sarin, was part of an elaborate deception to keep the Allies in the dark over the nerve gases. Trilon was a common detergent, and as such would arouse no suspicions. Indeed, the British employed similar deceptions, for example, naming the atomic bomb project tube-alloys after a relatively innocuous war material. 

DIRECTORATE OF TUBE ALLOYS. In fall 1941, the British De partment of Scientific and Industrial Research established a new division under the direction of W. A. Akers charged with overseeing the development of a nuclear weapon. For security reasons, the division was designated the Directorate of Tube Alloys. The British efforts on the nuclear bomb project came to be referred to by the Americans, British, and Canadians as Tube Alloys or T.A. projects. See also ROTBLAT, SIR JOSEPH. 

The impetus for further developments was the recognition of the economic significance of corrosion phenomenon during the 19th century that led the British Association for the Advancement of Science to sponsor corrosion testing projects such as the corrosion of cast and wrought iron in river and seawater atmospheres in 1837. Early academic interest in corrosion phenomenon (up to the First World War) was followed by industrial interest due to the occurrence of equipment failures. An example of this is the corrosion-related failure of condenser tubes as reported by the Institute of Metals and the British Non-ferrous Metals Research Association in 1911. This initiative led to the development of new corrosion-resistant alloys, and the corrosion related failure of condenser tubes in the Second World War was an insignificant problem. 

In Japan, several commercial projects have been reported in the literature. For example, at the National Research Institute for Metals, the NiTi shape-memory alloy is produced by combustion synthesis from elemental powder for use as wires, tubes, and sheets. The mechanical properties and the shape-memory effect of the wires are similar to those produced conventionally (Kaieda et ai, 1990b). Also, the production of metal-ceramic composite pipes from the centrifugal-thermite process has been reported (Odawara, 1990 see also Section III,C,1). 

Alloy steel pipe composition has various elements, with total concentration between 1.0% and 50% by weight, which enhances the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. These steels can be grouped under low-alloy steels. Along with economic growth, the demand of alloy steel pipes and tubes for industrial use has increased enormously. The most common alloying elements are nickel, chromium, silicon, vanadium, and molybdeniun. Special pipe steels also contain very small amounts of aluminum, cobalt, tungsten, titanium, and zirconium. Alloy steel has different properties on the basis of its composition. Alloy steel tubes cater to domestic and industrial requirements, such as gas drilling, offshore projects, refineries, and petrochemical plants. 

With a few exceptions, coatings and linings are not used on the water and steam sides. In an EPRI project, about 50 turbine blade coatings have been evaluated, but none of these are being routinely applied. To reduce steam side oxidation in reheaters and superheaters, chromizing and chromating have been developed but these treatments are also not routinely applied. There is little use of composite materials with the exception of condenser tube sheets, which could be made of explosively clad stainless steel or titanium on carbon steel, and of the surfaces in the primary cycles of nuclear units where carbon or low alloy steels are protected by weld-deposited stainless steels. In pulp mill black liquor recovery boilers, stainless steel clad boiler tubes are often used. 

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