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Troposphere temperature profiles

This process does not lead to net ozone depletion because it is rapidly followed by reaction 2, which regenerates the ozone. Reactions 2 and 3 have, however, another important function, namely the absorption of solar energy as a result, the temperature increases with altitude, and this inverted temperature profile gives rise to the stratosphere (see Figure 1). In the lower layer, the troposphere, the temperature decreases with altitude and vertical mixing occurs on a relatively short time scale. In contrast, the stratosphere is very stable towards vertical mixing because of its inverted temperature profile. [Pg.25]

As discussed earlier, although C02 warms the troposphere, it cools the stratosphere since it efficiently radiates infrared out to space. This effect can contribute to changes in the temperature profile in the stratosphere and potentially have a signficant impact... [Pg.776]

The vertical temperature profile of the earth s atmosphere conveniently allows it to be described as comprised of a number of vertical layers. From the earth s surface upward, these are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere (Mcllveen, 1992). Because 85% of the mass of the atmosphere resides in the troposphere, and most... [Pg.358]

The temperature profile strongly influences those reactions whose rate coefficients have large activation energies. As will be shown in Sections IV, V, and VI, a number of reaction paths, while dominant in the lower troposphere, lose their importance with increasing altitude as the temperature drops sharply. Particularly affected are the altitude profiles of the hydroxyl radical, formaldehyde, and nitric oxide number densities. [Pg.377]

Temperature profiles have been measured for many years throughout the troposphere and are well summarized (41,243,244). The representative profiles for various seasons and latitudes in Table I are taken from the U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements (1966). [Pg.377]

I would like to congratulate Dr. Crutzen on one of the most impressive papers that I have heard in the last 43 years. With regard to its policy implications, it stands certainly in a class all by itself. I would simply underscore Dr. Crutzen s emphasis on the conservativeness of his estimates. Having looked at thousands of vertical temperature profiles, it is clear, I believe, that the residence time will be of about an order of magnitude difference between the stratosphere rather than the troposphere, and also the lapse rates, would no longer apply. So as you say, it is just an entirely different atmosphere. This would inhibit the precipitation and the fallout, so that I just really wanted to underscore the conservative nature of your calculations. [Pg.504]

The regions of the atmosphere are defined by the vertical temperature profile. At the bottom is the troposphere where temperature decreases with height from the surface (which is warmed by the sun). The rate of change of temperature (the lapse rate) depends on the amount of moisture in the air since the latent heats of condensation and evaporation affect the heat of a rising or descending air parcel. For dry air the dry adiabatic lapse rate is — 9.8 K km but a more typical value of the environmental lapse rate (for air containing some water vapor) is — 6.5 K km The troposphere extends up to about 10 km, though this varies with... [Pg.28]

Another major feature of the vertical thermal structure of the atmosphere is due to the presence of ozone (O3) in the stratosphere. This layer is caused by photochemical reactions involving oxygen. The absorption of solar UV radiation by O3 causes the temperature in the stratosphere and mesosphere to be much higher than expected from an extension of the adiabatic temperature profile in the troposphere (see Fig. 10-1). [Pg.217]

The surface separating the troposphere from the stratosphere is called the tropopause. It is associated with the minimum in the vertical temperature profile observed near 7-16 km altitude. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) defines the tropopause level as the lower boundary of a layer in which the vertical decrease in temperature is less than 2 K/km for a depth of at least 2 km. [Pg.112]

The greenhouse effect takes place in the lower part of the atmosphere, called the troposphere. This phenomenon is an enhancement of natural processes which manages the radiation balance at the Earth s surface owing to a permanent increase of the GHG concentrations. For a better understanding of this problem we should consider the chemical composition of the troposphere and residence times of some species of interest, the temperature profile in the whole atmosphere and the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. [Pg.30]

It is of interest to mention that the Earth is not the only planet having a vertical temperature profile of its gaseous envelope. Mars and Venus are also characterized by a well defined troposphere and thermosphere, separated from each other by the relevant layers (pauses) [6]. [Pg.457]

Example 5.3 The Troposphere/Stratosphere Transition The transition from troposphere to stratosphere is traditionally defined based on the reversal of the atmospheric temperature profile. That transition is also dramatically reflected in how the concentrations of trace species vary with altitude below and above the tropopause. Of trace species, HO2 and OH exhibit perhaps the most profound differences across the tropopause (Wennberg et al., 1995). In the lower stratosphere HO2 and OH participate in HO Cycle 4, which is the predominant cycle involved in O3 removal in that portion of the stratosphere. We saw in Chapter 4 that in the lower stratosphere the HO2/OH ratio is described by... [Pg.263]

The temperature of the atmosphere varies with altitude ( FIGURE 18.1), and the atmosphere is divided into four regions based on this temperature profile. Just above the surface, in the troposphere, the temperature normally decreases with increasing altitude, reaching a minimum of about 215 K at about 10 km. Nearly all of us live our entire... [Pg.750]


See other pages where Troposphere temperature profiles is mentioned: [Pg.369]    [Pg.377]    [Pg.378]    [Pg.387]    [Pg.96]    [Pg.1046]    [Pg.162]    [Pg.1094]    [Pg.369]    [Pg.377]    [Pg.378]    [Pg.387]    [Pg.96]    [Pg.1046]    [Pg.162]    [Pg.1094]    [Pg.64]    [Pg.137]    [Pg.293]    [Pg.296]    [Pg.249]    [Pg.365]    [Pg.29]    [Pg.249]    [Pg.123]    [Pg.174]    [Pg.83]    [Pg.489]    [Pg.249]    [Pg.29]    [Pg.32]    [Pg.327]    [Pg.14]    [Pg.230]    [Pg.721]    [Pg.721]    [Pg.1037]    [Pg.1039]    [Pg.262]    [Pg.766]    [Pg.1101]    [Pg.217]    [Pg.207]    [Pg.176]    [Pg.1086]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.377 , Pg.378 ]




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