Trophic chains pasturable

Important elements of such turnover are trophic chains or food chains. These are series of biogenic elements and energy transfer with food from one group of organisms to another. Eugene Odum (1913-2002) proposed to distinguish two major types of trophic chains positioned at different levels pasturable trophic chains and detrital trophic chains. 

Live organisms of this trophic chain penetrate the subsurface relatively shallowly, approximately to 10 m. This is why distribution zones of pasturable trophic chain and undergroxmd water almost do not intersect. The effect of this trophic chain on the formation of water composition is mostly indirect in nature. It creates the environment wherein then forms groxmd water composition. This environment is as follows ... 

Pasturable trophic chain removes from the enclosing medixim and first of all from the sxirface of ground water substantial amoxmts of biogenic elements and concentrates them in the biomass, i.e., in the composition of organic matter. This effect is noticeable in the redistribution of C, Si, S, and also K, Ca, Mg and is especially significant with respect to N and P, whose sources are quite limited. 

And lastly, the pasturable trophic chain facilitates the accumulation and burial of a substantial amount of dead organic matter in soil and deposits. Annually, 0.4-0.7% of primary production passes in sea floor deposits. Onland, in peat bogs this value may reach 8-9%. This organic matter penetrates the lithosphere, mainly in the deposits... 

The result is that pasturable trophic chain forms in the uppermost part of the lithosphere condition wherein, together with deficit of dissolved phosphorus and fixed nitrogen, exists excess of reduced carbon in organic matter and oxidized oxygen in the form of O. This mix of chemically... 

Detrital trophic chain is associated with the consumption and decomposition of dead organic matter, i.e., detritus. On the surface and in the soil layer this matter is represented by the remains of higher plants and serves as food for small animals often called meiofauna (bacteria, fungi, numerous insects, their larvae, ground worms, etc.). They are in turn con-siuned by soil mammals (moles, shrews, mice, gophers, etc.). The latter return substantial part of their organic matter back to the pasturable trophic chain. 

Sulphates are most competitive acceptors in the reducing environment and they slow down other reduction processes until their concentration drops below 1.0 mmole-T. With exhaustion of free oxygen, nitrate nitrogen, Mn and Fe oxides and sulphates the store of easily available sun energy, accumulated by the pasturable trophic chain, end, and Eh value declines below —0.25 V. Along with this ends the activity of chemo-litho-heterotrophs, which used carbon of the organic matter and electrons for its oxidizing from oxidized mineral components. 

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