Tribes using

Many tribes used the berries as a food supply and included it in their pemmican, a mixture of nuts, meat and dried fruit which served as a suitable food when travelling and hunting. The Iroquois cooked elderberries and served them with com bread. They would sun-dry the berries and store them for winter food supplies. The Meskwaki prepared the berries as a conserve. The wood of the tree was useful in bow making. Straigth stems would be selected and dried, and from this arrows were made. The Iroquois would soak their... 

Bufotenine can also be exuded from the skin of the cane toad (hence the prefix bufo-). This is a red or green toad which was mistakenly purported to be the object of "toad licking" in order to become intoxicated. The reports of such activity were highly exaggerated. Licking the skin of the cane toad has made the lickers extremely ill. In fact in South America indigenous tribes used the material as an arrow poison. 

Teeth are sometimes used as trophies or in spiritual or symbolic objects. Hunters sometimes keep the teeth or claws of animals they have killed to prove their skill and experience. These are often made into personal decorations, such as necklaces, or sown to clothing. Teeth have been used as proof of how many animals have been killed, which can be an indication of the hunter s prowess or wealth. For instance, Plains Indian tribes used elk teeth as signs of wealth, and displayed them sewn on clothing. 

Figure 4 Carajurone (R=CHs) and the related carajuretin (R=H) result by the very rapid enzymatic aerial oxidation of flavans present in the leaves of Arrabidaea chica. The plant is one of the most used Amazonian medicinal plants and the anti-microbial and other activities may be related to the presence of these red pigment. Some indigenous tribes use them as face paints and carajurone has been commercialised in the past as chica red. Genipa americana fruit juice, by the action of an endogenous glucosidase followed by aerial oxidation, provides another pigment. The juice has multiple medicinal uses probably associated with its antimicrobial action. Here the dye is blue-black and is believed to be an ethylene-bis- -aza-azulene , derived by condensation of the genipin monomer with primary amines. ...

Certain African tribes use root extracts of T. iboga in their male puberty rites. This is a once-in-a-lifetime ingestion of the alkaloid to reveal to these candidates for adulthood the reality of the imaginal realm. Manhood itself is equated with this knowledge ... 

Lachnanthes tinctoria Seminole and other southeastern North American Indian tribes used the roots of this common dye-plant in the Haemodoraceae family as a stimulant. Ingestion of the roots of this spirit weed or red roof was said to be invigorating and to provoke eloquence and loquaciousness (Duke 1985). No psychotropic principles are as yet known from this interesting plant. 

Since prehistoric times, humans have beautified their environment through painting by using naturally occurring colorants. Stone age tribes used colorants derived from animal and vegetable sources or from iron oxide to paint their bodies... 

Khoikhoi (Namibia) Infusion taken as remedy for rheumatism and arthritis. See also Topnaar [a Khoikhoi tribe] use of X. hottentotta (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962)... 

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