Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders

Baldessarini, R., Dmgs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders psychosis and anxiety, in Goodman and Gilman s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed., Hardman, J.G. and Limbird, L.E., Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996,... 

Baldessaiini RJ (2001) Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders depression and anxiety disorders. In Hardman JG, Limbird LE (eds) Goodman Gilman s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 10th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 447 83... 

Owens MJ, Mulcahey JJ, Stout SC, Plotsky PM. Molecular and neurobiological mechanisms in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman JA (eds), Psychiatry, Volume 1. Philadelphia WB Saunders, 1997, pp 210-257. 

Dopamine activity can be enhanced in one of four main ways. Medications can stimulate dopaminergic nerve cells to release dopamine into the synapse. This is the way that stimulants such as methylphenidate (Ritalin), dextroamphetamine (Dexe-drine), and dextroamphetamine/amphetamine (Adderall) work. In addition, certain drugs of abuse, notably cocaine and methamphetamine, act in part in this way. Providing more of the raw material that nerve cells use to manufacture dopamine can also increase dopamine activity. This is the approach that neurologists use when they prescribe L-DOPA (Sinemet) to patients with Parkinson s disease. Nerve cells convert L-DOPA into dopamine. L-DOPA otherwise has little place in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Dopamine activity can also be increased by medications that directly stimulate dopamine receptors. Bromocriptine, another medication used to... 

While serious ethical objections have been raised regarding the use of placebos in trials of drugs used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders (largely based on the possibility that the patients may commit suicide if they are inadequately treated, although such patients are usually excluded from placebo controlled trials), all regulatory authorities insist on properly conducted, placebo controlled trials as a basis for registering a new drug. 

Baldessarini, R.J. (2001) Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Depression and anxiety disorders. 

Carrey NJ, Wiggins DM, Milin RP. Pharmacological treatment of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents focus on guidelines for the primary care practitioner. Drugs 1996 51(5) 750-9. 

Hollander E, Liebowitz MR, Gorman JM, Cohen B, Fyer AJ, Klein DF (1989) Cortisol and sodium lactate-induced panic. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46 135-140 Holsboer F (2003) The role of peptides in treatment of psychiatric disorders. J Neiu-al Transm 64 17-34... 

The future of atypical antidepressants in the treatment of psychiatric disorders is bright. Advances in neuroscience are being followed closely by those involved in drug development. It is likely that in the future more unique, novel agents will be developed. Such collaborative efforts will make safer and more effective medications for childhood psychiatric disorders possible. 

Pridmore, S. and Belmaker, R. (1999) Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Clini Neurosci 53 541-548. 

Suicidal thoughts or acts Absence or treatment of psychiatric disorder or stressors leading to suicidal thinking... 

More studies are needed to address the insufficient evidence base for drug treatment of psychiatric disorders in pediatric patients. Recent initiatives, in particular the FDAMA 1997 and the 1998 Pediatric Rule, have provided the FDA with tools for stimulating research in this area. As a result of these initiatives, several clinical... 

McElroy SL, Pope HG Jr, Keck PE Jr, et al Treatment of psychiatric disorders with valproate a series of 73 cases. Psychiatr Psychobiol 3 81-85, 1988a... 

Filers R. Therapeutic drug monitoring for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Clinical use and cost effectiveness. Clin Pharmacokinei 1995 29 442-450. 

FIG. 8-1. The role of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and possibly of other somatic therapies in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Adapted from Martis and Janicak, 2000. 

Nemeroff, C.B., and Schatzberg, A.F. (1999) Recognition and treatment of psychiatric disorders A psychopharmacology handbook for primary care, Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, Inc. 

Stahl s Essential Psychopharmacology has established itself as the preeminent source of education and information in its field. This much expanded second edition enlists advances in neurobiology and recent clinical developments to explain with renewed clarity the concepts underlying drug treatment of psychiatric disorders. New neurotransmitter systems, new theories of schizophrenia, clinical advances in antipsychotic and antidepressant therapy, new coverage of attention deficit disorder, sleep disorders, and drug abuse, and a new chapter on sex-specific and sexual function-related psychopharmacology—these are all features of this edition. 

Since 1971, the DEA has described Ritalin as a powerful stimulant that shares many of the pharmacological effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and cocaine. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) agrees. In its book Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders (1989), the association states that Ritalin is neuropharma-cologically similar to cocaine and amphetamines, and that all three drugs share the same abuse patterns. The Diagnostic and Statistic... 

Despite the success in the use of psychotropic drugs for the treatment of psychiatric disorders in adults, and to some extent in adolescents, the application of psychotropic drugs for the treatment of children has been less encouraging. This has been due to the use of invalid diagnostic... 

Bertilson, L. and Dahl, M. L. Polymorphic drug oxidation relevance to the treatment of psychiatric disorders. CNS Drugs 5 (1996) 200-212. 

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