Treatment option, drinking water

The CDPHE has said there are various options for offsite shipment of hydrolysate. These options would require destruction of the agent by hydrolysis, followed by shipment to a publicly owned treatment works or a Safe Drinking Water Act permitted underground injection control unit. They are in addition to using an appropriate TSDF. The hydrolysate would have to be manifested as a hazardous waste and accompanied by an LDR notice of constituents and a certification of agent treatment. 

Assessment of the Treatment Options for Drinking Water Production. 326... 

Chemical oxidation shows several potential benefits compared to other treatment options. The main advantage is the possible minerahzation of organic substances to carbon dioxide and water. The substance can be completely de-structed and is not only simply enriched or shifted into another phase [33]. Furthermore, there is also a disinfecting effect if ozone is used. Ozonation is the oxidative treatment process most widely spread in drinking water treatment—though it is mainly implemented for disinfection and the oxidation is only considered a beneficial side effect [28]. 

Subsoil passage is not efficient in removal of MTBE and other oxygenates, rendering riverbank filtration as treatment step in drinking water production ineffective. Therefore, natural attenuation cannot take care of the MTBE problem in respect to drinking water production. Eor remediation purposes where no drinking water resources are affected and the MTBE concentration is much higher, it may still be a viable option. 

An application of pervaporation for drinking water production has not been implemented so far. It might be a treatment option for highly contaminated water in competition to aeration. 

Obviously not all of these questions can be answered in one thesis. This is a thesis about treatment, a somewhat fundamental study about what we can achieve with treatment now and what inhibits treatment efficiency. The focus is on treatment by alternative membrane processes. What is different is the attempt to compare and evaluate options on the basis of productivity (capital and maintenance cost), energjf consumption and chemical requirements. The results apply to the water that needs to be treated to achieve specified standards that part of drinking water which cannot be replaced with gre) water. The results cannot replace a rethinking and optimisation of water usage and demand management. 

Treatment of all water to near perfect standards may not be required if an alternative approach to water supply was taken. An option well worth consideration, is localised treatment of water for human consumption. Treatment systems could be installed in the basements of large buildings, while the feed water for these systems could be rain water, conventional drinking water, or, for the more open-minded population, from a reuse source. 

Originally, application of activated carbon in drinking water treatment was focused on the removal of the taste and odor of the water. Although these effects are the most obvious, the role of activated carbon is far wider and goes beyond simple physical adsorption [41-42], Purification on activated carbon is now considered to be an attractive and inexpensive option for the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from both surface and ground waters [43-44],... 

A series of filtration procedures and several chemical treatments are used in cleaning the raw water to prepare it for consumption. Mixing of waters from different sources is often used as an option to change quality and reduce corrosivity. In some cases, aeration may be used in drinking water treatment. In addition to removing... 

P.M. Gallagher, D.L. St. Germain, Arsenic in dinking water regulations and treatment options. Paper presented at the Third NSF International Symposium on Small Drinking Water and Wastewater Systems, Washington, D.C., USA, April 22-25, 2001. 

Feasible for further legislative impacts is to achieve a wide data base. Thus, the remaining chapters discuss the monitoring in European surface, ground- and drinking waters, treatment options for PFC removal from drinking water, PFC in food as well as the human biomonitoring of PFC. 

There is clearly no easy solution to the problem of lead in drinking water. Treatment may eventually prove to be the best option but a better understanding of the chemistry of lead in water will be necessary before success can be reasonably guaranteed. 

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