Transport of hydrocarbons

Fig. 7 Transport of hydrocarbons and other lipids by lipophorin from site of synthesis (oenocytes) to various tissues. In the case of pheromone glands specific hydrocarbons are unloaded to be used directly as a pheromone or modified with the addition of oxygen and then released as a pheromone... 

Chernayev, V. D., Yakovlev, E. I., Kazak, A. S., Soshchenko, A. E. (1991). Pipeline Transport of Hydrocarbon Materials, VNIIOENG Publishing House, Moscow, 343 pp. 

The general movement of formation fluids is of paramount importance in the transport of hydrocarbons (173,174). In a companion paper to the present study Hitchon (1) related in considerable detail the posi-... 

Young H. P., Bachmann J. A. S., Sevala V. and Schal C. (1999) Site of synthesis, tissue distribution, and lipophorin transport of hydrocarbons in Blattella germanica (L.) nymphs. J. Insect Physiol. 45, 305-315. 

Schal C., Sevala V., Capurro M. D. L., Snyder T. E., Blomquist G. J. and Bagneres A.-G. (2001) Tissue distribution and lipophorin transport of hydrocarbon and sex pheromones in the house fly, Musca domestica. 11 pages J. Insect Sci 1, 12. Available onhne insectscience.org/1.12. 

Katase H. and Chino H. (1982) Transport of hydrocarbons by the lipophorin of insect hemolymph. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 710, 341-348. 

Transport of pheromones. Two major routes for translocation of pheromones have been considered in this chapter (a) from the secretory cell directly through the cuticle overlying it and (b) indirectly through the hemolymph. Cockroaches share with even the most studied lepidopterans an almost complete lack of information on the former pathway. Transport of hydrocarbons and contact sex pheromones, on the other hand, has been extensively studied in cockroaches, commencing with the work of Chino and colleagues. It has... 

Katase H. and Chino, H. (1984) Transport of hydrocarbons by haemolymph lipophorin in Locusta migratoria. Insect Biochem. 14, 1-6. 

Sevela V. L., Bagneres A.-G., Kuenzli M., Blomquist G. J. and Schal C. (2000) Cuticular hydrocarbons of the dampwood termite, Zootermopsis nevadensis caste differences and role of lipophorin in transport of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon metabolites. J. Chem. Ecol. 26, 765-789. 

The transport of hydrocarbons by social insects can be involved in creating the hydrocarbon signature . Evidence was first obtained in the termite Zootermopsis nevaden-sis (Sevala et al., 2000). Comparison of cuticular lipids with internal and hemolymph hydrocarbons in different castes showed that, as in other species, the content was qualitatively similar. However, quantitative differences were observed between hemolymph and cuticular hydrocarbon profiles. Sevala et al. (2000) showed that hemolymph hydrocarbons were associated with a dimeric high-density lipoprotein (HDLp) lipophorin, similar to those described from other insects (see above). This lipoprotein consisted... 

Figure 5.3 Schematic drawing showing transport of hydrocarbons (and other lipids) from site of synthesis (oenocytes) to cuticle surface (epicuticle) and various tissues and glands. Arrows represent hypothetical transport of hydrocarbons (and/or precursors) [legends e epicuticule p procuticule h hydrocarbons (and/or precursors) d epidermal cell c canal issuing from an epidermal cell o oenocytes 1 lipophorins fm microsome fraction (reticulum endoplasmic of oenocytes, site of hydrocarbon biosynthesis) hi hemolymph pg pheromone glands ot other tissues (ovaries)] (updated from Bagnhres, 1996).

Schal, C., Sevala, V.L., Young, H. and Bachmann, J.A.S. (1998a). Synthesis and transport of hydrocarbons Cuticle and ovary as target tissues. Am. Zoologist, 38, 382-393. 

Second, the decarboxylase enzymes required to produce hydrocarbons apparently are not present in lepidopteran pheromone glands, but these enzymes are present in oenocyte cells where most insect hydrocarbon synthesis takes place (Blomquist et al., 1987). Thus, Lepidoptera that produce Type II pheromones must have a mechanism for transport of hydrocarbon pheromone components from the oenocytes to the pheromone gland, where... 

Because of the construction of oil and gas pipelines on the floor of the Black Sea and to the intensification of the geological prospecting and transportation of hydrocarbons in the sea, the issues of the studies of the water dynamics in the deep-sea layers and of the topography and structure of the upper layer of the sediments in the Black Sea basin becomes especially urgent. 

Baedecker M. J. and Eganhouse R. P. (1991) Partitioning and transport of hydrocarbons from crude oil in a sand and gravel aquifer. In 201st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 463-466. 

A totally different rationale has to be applied to the transport of hydrocarbons. These extremely hydrophobic compounds seem to reside in the interior of the lipophorin particles. A mechanism involving uptake and degradation of the lipoprotein might be possible for the transport of hydrocarbons to the epidermal cells. This type of mechanism might be important in certain stages of insect development, when the lipoprotein could deliver amino acids and other lipid components necessary for the construction of the cuticle. A similar process may also exist for the delivery of carotenoids and sterols. 

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