Transmission electron microscopy Clays

Nylon-6. Nylon-6—clay nanometer composites using montmorillonite clay intercalated with 12-aminolauric acid have been produced (37,38). When mixed with S-caprolactam and polymerized at 100°C for 30 min, a nylon clay—hybrid (NCH) was produced. Transmission electron microscopy (tern) and x-ray diffraction of the NCH confirm both the intercalation and molecular level of mixing between the two phases. The benefits of such materials over ordinary nylon-6 or nonmolecularly mixed, clay-reinforced nylon-6 include increased heat distortion temperature, elastic modulus, tensile strength, and dynamic elastic modulus throughout the —150 to 250°C temperature range. 

FIGURE 2.8 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photographs of clay nanocomposites with acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) having (a) 50% and (b) 19% acrylonitrile content, respectively... 

Mat. Sci. Materials in Electronics 3 201-205 Taitel-Goldman, N. Singer, A. (2001) High-re-solution transmission electron microscopy study of newly formed sediments in the Atlantis 11 Deep, Red Sea. Clays Clay Min. 

Fig. 2 (a) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of a disc-like beidellite clay sample (sizes of the platelets range from 69 to 480 nm in diameter), and (b) lyotropic nematic phase of an aqueous suspension of the same beidellite sample at an ionic strength of 10 4 mol L-1 ( = 0.5%) observed between crossed polarizers [263], (Copyright 2009, American Chemical Society)... 

High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Applied to Clay Minerals... 

Finally, the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is of interest when dealing with the study of residual char obtained when MMT nanocomposites decompose. Figure 10.19 compares TEM images of an original PA6/clay sample with that of its residue collected at 17% sample mass... 

Intercalated and partially exfoliated PVC-clay nanocomposites were produced by melt blending in the presence and absence of DOP and characterised by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of various factors, including volume fraction of clay, plasticiser content, melt compounding time and annealing, on nanocomposite structure and the thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were also examined. It was found that the best mechanical properties were achieved at 2% clay loading and 5 to 10% DOP loading. 18 refs. 

Using transmission electron microscopy the lattice fringe image can be seen. Also the scanning electron microscopy image showed that the montmoriilonite layer structures still remained after Si-heterostructure and no occluded clay by SiOj is observed. The results further indicate the expansion of the basal spacing. 

Janney DE, Cowley JM, Buseck PR (2000a) Transmission electron microscopy of synthetic 2-and 6-line ferrihydrite. Clays Clay Minerals 48 111-119... 

Majzlan J, Nawotsky A, Casey WH (2000) Strrface enthalpy ofboehmite. Clays Clay Minerals 48 699-707 Malek J, Mitsrrhashi T, Ramirez-Castellanos J, Matsrri Y (1999) Calorimetric and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy study of nanocrystalhzation in zirconia gel. J Mater Res 14 1834-1843... 

Figure 8.6 High resolution transmission electron microscopy imagery reveals manganese and iron minerals that appear to be moving from the granular remnants of bacterial sheaths into adjacent clay minerals. The granular textures found between layered varnish consist of Mn-Fe precipitates on bacterial remains (Krinsley, 1998). Images are of varnishes from (A) Nasca, Peru (B, E) Death Valley (C, D) Kaho olawe, Hawaii (F) Antarctica. Scale bars in nanometres.

High resolution transmission electron microscopy imagery of manganese and iron minerals that appear to be moving from the granular remnants of bacterial sheaths into adjacent clay minerals. 

Veblen, D.R., 1990. Transmission electron microscopy Scattering processes, conventional microscopy, and high-resolution imaging, in I.D.R. Mackinnon and EA. Mumpton, eds, Electron and Optical Methods in Clay Science, The Clay Minerals Society, CMS Workshop Lectures, 2, pp. 15 10. 

Veblen DR, Guthrie GD, Livi KJT, Reynolds RC (1990) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction of mixed-layer ilhte/smectite experimental results. Clays Clay Minerals 38 ... 

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