Translocator biological

Imaging assays (DiscoveRx PathHunter, Bioimage) Can use recombinant green fluorescent or yellow fluorescent fusion proteins to measure kinase-stimulated signalling events such as protein translocation to nucleus or membrane to cytosolic translocations Biological assay can present kinase in native form examines functional consequences of test compound Difficult to develop lower throughput Nickischer (2006) Traskjr (2006)... 

Pleckstrin homology domain (PH-domain) was first identified at the amino and carboxyl termini of a haematopoietic protein called pleckstrin. PH-domain, a protein region of approximately 120 amino acids, by binding to phosphatidylinositol lipids of the biological membranes induces the translocation of the PH-domain containing protein to membrane compartment. Various PH-domains possess specificities for phosphoinositides phosphorylated at different sites within the inositol ring. 

Craig, E.A. (1990). Role of hsp70 in translocation of proteins across membranes. In Stress Proteins in Biology and Medicine (Morimoto, R., Tissieres, A.. Georgopoulos, C., eds.), pp. 279-286, CSHL Press, Cold Spring Harbor. 

Movement of raw and transformed materials can take place within the soil and results in zones of accumulation, depletion, or mixing. Formation, migration, and accumulation of different elements, clays, oxides, and organic matter can occur in different parts of the soil. These different zones or layers in soil that are approximately parallel to the surface are called soil horizons. Depleted or enriched soil horizons result in different depths in the soil having different chemical and physical properties. Translocations are caused by a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes. 

While many biological molecules may be targets for oxidant stress and free radicals, it is clear that the cell membrane and its associated proteins may be particularly vulnerable. The ability of the cell to control its intracellular ionic environment as well as its ability to maintain a polarized membrane potential and electrical excitability depends on the activity of ion-translocating proteins such as channels, pumps and exchangers. Either direct or indirect disturbances of the activity of these ion translocators must ultimately underlie reperfiision and oxidant stress-induced arrhythmias in the heart. A number of studies have therefore investigated the effects of free radicals and oxidant stress on cellular electrophysiology and the activity of key membrane-bound ion translocating proteins. 

E. Liljeroth, J. A. Van Veen, and H. J. Miller, As.similate translocation to the rhizosphere of two wheat lines and subsequent utilization by rhizosphere microorganisms at two soil nitrogen concentrations. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 22 1015 (1990). 

An assay that produces multiple biological readouts. Most commonly used in relation to the mathematical analysis of an image acquired using an automated microscope whereby analysis algorithms quantify cellular parameters (e.g., number, motility, neurite outgrowth, size, shape) and subcellular events (e.g., receptor internalization, protein translocation, protein expression nuclei shape). 

Fig. 8. Inhibition of bacterial translocation by rifaximin in the rat. Results of bacteriological culture (for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria) of tissues and biological fluids obtained from rats with taurocholate-induced ANP. Bars represent the percentage of positive biological samples. Horizontal lines are standard errors. Animals of group A received no treatment, while those of group B were given an enema of 30 ml warmed saline containing rifaximin (20 mg/kg) 1 h prior the induction of ANP (from Marotta et al. [196]).

Macrocyclic compounds with ion-chelating properties occur naturally and often function as ionophores, translocating ions across biological membranes many of these compounds are small cyclic polypeptides. Some natural carboxylic polyethers are selective for Li+ and are, therefore, ionophores for Li+. Monensin, shown in Figure Id, is a natural ionophore for Na+ but it will also complex with Li+ and it has been shown to mediate the transport of Li+ across phospholipid bilayers [21]. It has been proposed that synthetic Li+-specific ionophores have a potential role as adjuvants in lithium therapy, the aim being to reduce the amount of... 

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