Translation on the ribosome

Translation (on the ribosome) of RNA sequence into protein sequence and folding of protein into native conformation ... 

Transfer RNAs contain two crucial functional sites A site for attachment of the amino acids and a site that interacts with the mRNA during translation on the ribosome. At least one type of tRNA corresponds to each of the 20 types of amino acids that are incorporated into proteins. For accurate translation to occur, tRNAs must be distinguishable from one another by the molecules that recognize these specific types while still being recognizable to the molecules that interact with all tRNAs. A major challenge has been to understand how the similarities and differences in the structures of different tRNAs are related to the functions that... 

This mRNA, transcribed from the regulatory gene, is translated on the ribosomes to yield, the repressor protein R... 

Rodnina, M. V., Savelsbergh, A., andWintermeyer, W. (1999). Dynamics of translation on the ribosome molecular mechanics of translocation, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 23,317-333. 

The mechanisms by which proteins are synthesized in cells are now quite well explained. Information encoded in DNA is transcribed in messenger RNA, and then mRNA is translated on the ribosome machinery to give a polypeptide chain with a well-defined primary structure. The genetic code (three bases determining one amino acid) is given in Fig. 1.3 the universality of this code is generally accepted. One can remark that when U is the second base of the codon, the amino acid residue is nonpolar and when A is the second base, it is polar (see Dickerson and Geis, 1969). 

---