Transduction controller

Signal transduction (control of growth factor and MAP-kinase pathways)... 

Oncogenes code for oncoproteins, which are mostly involved in signal transduction controlling/regulating cell growth, differentiation, or apoptosis. These pathways often involve modification of proteins by phosphorylation (e.g., of serine, tyrosine, threonine) by kinases. 

Metabolic Functions. The functions of the thyroid hormones and thus of iodine are control of energy transductions (121). These hormones increase oxygen consumption and basal metaboHc rate by accelerating reactions in nearly all cells of the body. A part of this effect is attributed to increase in activity of many enzymes. Additionally, protein synthesis is affected by the thyroid hormones (121,122). 

Airother interesting facet of lipid anchors is that they are transient. Lipid anchors can be reversibly attached to and detached from proteins. This provides a switching device for altering the affinity of a protein for the membrane. Reversible lipid anchoring is one factor in the control of signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells (Chapter 34). 

Syk and ZAP-70 are early intermediates in the transduction of signals from immune receptors, including the B- and T-cell recqrtors for antigen, activatory natural killer-cell receptors, the mast cell and basophil receptor for IgE, and the widely distributed receptors for the Fc portion of IgG. Immune receptors control checkpoints in lymphocyte development and serve to integrate the responses of innate and acquired immunity. 

Although the fundamental chemomechanical transduction processes seem to be the same in all types of vertebrate muscle, contraction in smooth muscle is characterized by much greater involvement of enzymatically catalyzed control reactions. In smooth muscle the control reactions themselves involve the use of phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycles. Moreover, they are futile in the sense they cause the expenditure of bond energy without a tangible work resultant, i.e., compounds synthesized or external work done. 

Gough DJ, Sabapathy K, Ko EY, Arthur HA, Schreiber RD, Trapani JA, Clarke CJ, Johnstone RW (2007) A novel c-Jun-dependent signal transduction pathway necessary for the transcriptional activation of interferon gamma response genes. J Biol Chem 282 938-946 Guidotti LG, Chisari EV (2001) Noncytolytic control of viral infections by the innate and adaptive immune response. Annu Rev Immunol 19 65-91... 

Post-translational modification of proteins plays a critical role in cellular function. For, example protein phosphorylation events control the majority of the signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, an important goal of proteomics is the identification of post-translational modifications. Proteins can undergo a wide range of post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, sulphonation, palmitoylation and ADP-ribosylation. These modifications can play an essential role in the function of the protein and mass spectrometry has been used to characterize such modifications. 

---