Transcription abbreviations used

Abbreviations used EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift analysis IMPase 1, inositol monophosphatase 1 inositol synthase, A/vo-inositol 3-phosphate synthase NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information PCR, polymerase chain reaction Rb, retinoblastoma protein tss, transcriptional start site IP3, Inositol trisphosphate DAG, diacyl glycerol FISH, fluorescent in situ hybridization. 

Note Abbreviations used are DH, dehydrogenase HTF, homeodomain transcription factor HNF, h atic nuclear factor. 

Note Abbreviations used CTD, carboxy-terminal domain RNAPII, RNA polymerase II TAP, TBP-associated factor TBP, TATA-binding proteins TFII, transcription factor for RNAPII. 

Note Abbreviations used cat, catalogue NW, networks TE/F, transcription elements/factors. 

The abbreviations used are HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-melhylglutaryl-CoA CAT, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPRE, peroxisome proliferator-responsive element NRRE, nuclear receptor responsive element RXR, retinoid X receptor hRXRa, human 9-cis-retinoic acid receptor a mPPARa, mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a COUP-TP, chicken ovalbumin upstream-promoter transcription factor, HNF-4, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift analysis tk, thymidine kinase NEFA, nonesterified fatty acids... 

Unfortunately, this field is made difficult for a student by the terminology used by biochemists. For example, there is a protein kinase that regulates the cycle between G2 and M, i.e. the second restriction point. This protein is known as maturation (or mitosis) promoting factor, since it promotes entry into mitosis. It phosphorylates a protein, probably a transcription factor, in the nucleus. The kinase has a molecular mass of 34kDa. Hence it is known as p34 cell division kinase, abbreviated to p34-cdc and, since it is regulated at restriction point 2, it is known as p34-cdc-2 protein, which is sometimes written as p34°. This kinase is normally inactive until it binds a cyclin. Hence the active maturation-promoting factor is, in fact, a protein kinase-cyclin complex, which is referred to as p34° °-cyclin complex. It is hoped that this piece of information may help a student (or lecturer from another field) to understand one part of a review article that contains the abbreviation p34° -cyclin complex, without explanation, or other similar pieces of biochemical shorthand. 

Figure 21.9 The mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade (MAP kinase cascade). The active protein Ras activates Raf by promoting its recruitment to a cell membrane. Through a series of phosphorylations MAP kinase is activated as follows MAP kinase kinase kinase (Raf) phosphorylates MAP kinase kinase which, in turn, phosphorylates MAP kinase, the final target enzyme. MAP kinase phosphorylates transcription factors for genes that express proteins involved in proliferation. Another nomenclature for the enzymes is also used raf is MEKK MAPKK is MEK and finally ERK is MAP kinase (ERK is the abbreviation for extracellular-signal-related kinase) For comparison, the reader is referred to the metabolic phosphorylase cascade, which is discussed in Chapter 12 (Figure 12.12).

Fig. 14.1 The life cycle of coxsackievirus B3. CVB3 starts its life cycle by attaching to its receptor CAR and coreceptor DAF. Internalized virus releases its viral RNA, which can be used as the template for translation of polyprotein or transcription by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 3D to replicate its genome. The polyprotein is self-cleaved by virus-encoded proteases to release structural proteins and nonstructural proteins. Later, structural proteins and viral RNA will assemble into progeny virions to be released from infected cell. Abbreviations CVB3, coxsackievirus B3 DAF, decay accelerating factor CAR, coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor 3Dpo1, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Abbreviations, as distinct from symbols, appeared in man s written record at a comparatively late date. Even so, the earliest abbreviations known to us go back to pre-Roman times, although the Romans were the first to use abbreviations on a fairly large scale. In the days of the great calligraphic transcriptions, centuries before the advent of printing, when written works had to be copied lalx)riously by hand, extensive use of abbreviations became a necessity as overworked scribes constantly sought short cuts for long and often-used words. 

Source. The source names were inserted from the database as they were registered at a moment of receiving the sample. However, the names of some enterprises changed during the period of reformation in the former USSR area, and the data presented were updated as far as possible. Commonly used abbreviations for different types of corporations and their names are presented as direct transcriptions. Names in English of different institutes are presented as given on their letterheads or business cards of colleagues. 

Comments supply any additional information about a substance. The comment laboratory sample means that the sample is experimental and produced mainly for use in the laboratory. A comment, standard material means that a sample is industrial or commercial and when available is supplied by numbers of standard documentation. Common abbreviations of standard documentation are presented as direct transcription. GOST means state ndard , OST is a standard accepted for any branch of industry, TU is for technological conditions , etc. 

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