Tranquilizers history

Many propoxyphene-related deaths have occurred in patients with histories of emotional disturbances, suicidal ideation or attempts, or misuse of tranquilizers, alcohol, and other CNS-active drugs. Deaths have occurred as a consequence of the accidental ingestion of excessive quantities of propoxyphene alone or in combination with other drugs. Do not exceed the recommended dosage. 

Internal 87Rb-87Sr isochrons were particularly useful in unraveling the history of the Moon and Mars. As an example, consider mare basalts from the Sea of Tranquility collected by Apollo 11. These lunar basalts consist primarily of calcium-rich (anorthitic) plagioclase and low-calcium pyroxene, along with ilmenite, crystobalite, and other minor phases. Strontium is concentrated in the calcium sites in plagioclase and is excluded from most other phases, resulting in a variation of a factor of several hundred in the strontium... 

Tone, Andrea. The Age of Anxiety A History of America s Turbulent Affair with Tranquilizers. New York Basic Books, 2009. This book traces the history of drugs to treat anxiety from the first tranquilizer sold in 1955 to the billions of antianxiety drugs sold today. Although tranquilizers like Valium fell out of favor because of their addictiveness, the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants have become widely popular treatments for anxiety. The book places the popularity of these types of drugs within the larger context of what Tone calls the tranquilizer culture. 

Tone, Andrea, and Elizabeth Watkins, eds. Medicating Modem America Prescription Drugs in History. New York NYU Press, 2007. This history of medicine in America covers eight of the most influential and important drugs antibiotics, mood stabilizers, hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives, tranquilizers, stimulants, statins, and Viagra. Each chapter describes how the drugs become such an essential part of medical care and change the way Americans think about disease. 

One of the most intensely studied Taxus species, due to its biological activities, is T. baccata L. The needles of this plant have shown hepato-protective, tranquilizing and sedative properties, presumably related to the benzodiazepine-like activity of its biflavones. In contrast to the European yew T. baccata, the Himalayan yew T. wallichiana has a long history of use in medicines, as well as in coloring materials and as incense [86]. 

The history of LSD until 1966, when curbs were placed upon further experimentation, can be seen in microcosm in Dr. Hofmann s first two experiences of the drug initially there was keen interest and optimism as the power of LSD came to be understood, there was panic. On die basis of Hofmann s light first experience, Sandoz hoped that it might be marketed generally, like barbiturates and tranquilizers. Sandoz thus distributed LSD at cost to many investigators, trying to find a standard use for it. 

Is There No Place on Earth for Mel by Susan Sheehan [Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1982) is a vivid case history of a young schizophrenic woman who, during repeated hospitalizations, is "treated" with ever-mcreasing doses of virtually all the major tranquilizers currently in use. 

Osier, M. (1983). Providence and Divine Will in Gassendi s Views on Scientific Knowledge. journal of the History of Ideas, 44, 549-560 Osier, M.J. (1991). Fortune, fate and divination Gassendi s voluntarist theology and the baptism of Epicureanism. In M.J. Osier (Ed.), Atoms, Pneuma, and Tranquility. Epicurean and Stoic Themes in European Thought. Cambridge. 

Speaker, S. From Happiness Pills to National Nightmare Changing Cultural Assessment of Minor Tranquilizers in America, 1955-1980. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 52 (1997) 338-76. 

The early 1950s began the modem era of the treatment of anxieties and neuroses. We moved from the use of simple daytime sedation with dmgs that were essentially hypnotics, albeit at much lower subhypnotic doses, to compounds that became known as minor tranquilizers—the various polyol carbamates. In addition, the development of major tranquilizers that, for the first time in history, had more than just a custodial impact on schizophrenic-psychotic patients occurred simultaneously. These initial anxiolytics, with meprobamate now considered the prototype, were the first drags whose pharmacologic profile included more than just CNS depression. 

Returning to the scenes of my birth and early life to the society of those with whom I was raised, and who have been ever dear to me, I receive, fellow citizens and neighbors, with inexpressible pleasure, the cordial welcome you are so good as to give me. Long absent on duties which the history of a wonderful era made incumbent on those called to them, the pomp, the turmoil, the bustle and splendor of office, have drawn but deeper sighs for the tranquil and irresponsible... 

I must repeat that this letter is to be considered as private and friendly, and is not to control any particular instructions which you may receive through official channel. You will also perceive how sacredly it must be kept within your own breast, and especially how improper to be understood by the Indians. For their interests and their tranquillity it is best they should see only the present age of their history. I pray you to accept assurances of my esteem and high consideration. 

The power of determining causes between two states, between one state and the citizens of another, and between the citizens of different states, is perhaps not less essential to the peace of the union than that which has been just examined. History gives us a horrid picture of the dissentions and private wars which distracted and desolated Germany prior to the institution of the Im P E R l A L Ch a m b e r by Maximilian, towards the close of the fifteenth century and informs us at the same time of the vast influence of that institution in appeasing the disorders and establishing the tranquility of the empire. This was a court invested with authority to decide finally all differences between the members of the Germanic body. 

A furtlier study was based on interviews of 278 mothers of children with selected major birth defects who had been exposed to various tranquillizers during the first trimester (46 "). It was found that a history of diazepam ingestion during the first trimester was four times more frequent among mothers of children with oral cleft abnormalities than among mothers of children with other defects. These authors did not find a similar relationship between anomaly and chlordiazepoxide, and the difference between two benzodiazepine compounds in this respect is unexplained. Despite the overall increased use of diazepam in the area of the study there was no accompanying increase in the incidence of oral cleft abnormalities. The authors indicate that the relationship is not necessarily causal. 

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