Training individual techniques

A fourth way to conceive of a drug problem is to consider it as a behavioral disorder. Many psychologists and other mental health professionals operate within this model. The typical treatment within this model involves individualized therapy with a psychotherapist. Three common avenues for treating a drug problem as a behavior disorder include behavior modification, cognitive modification, and skills training these techniques have been described previously, so I will not describe them again here. 

Many different techniques are available for training individuals. In addition to on-the-job training (Section 6.3.1), techniques include drill, demonstration, quizzes, video, reading, and simulation. 

An audit is a technique used to gather sufficient facts and information, including statistical information, to verify compliance with standards. Companies must select a trained individual or assemble a trained team to audit the process safety management... 

Training needs will vary according to team members familiarity with the approach you have selected. In a company with an active TQM program, you may need only a refresher course or briefing. For others it may be worthwhile to provide a more formal introduction to TQM techniques and processes. In many cases, the use of a trained facilitator (either from inside your company or an outside consultant) can greatly expedite the team s preparation and reduce the amount of individual team member training required. 

This is because many of the factors that have been shown to be the antecedents of major process accidents (e.g., poor procedures, inadequate training) are not usually under the control of the individual worker. The other approaches can also be applied to improving quality and productivity as well as process safety and can be readily integrated with engineering system safety techniques, as will be described in Chapters 4 and 5. 

The basic premise of the SLIM technique is that the probability of error associated with a task, subtask, task step, or individual error is a function of the PIFs in the situation. As indicated in Chapter 3, an extremely large number of PIFs could potentially impact on the likelihood of error. Normally the PIFs that are considered in SLIM analyses are the direct influences on error such as levels of training, quality of procedures, distraction level, degree of feedback from the task, level of motivation, etc. However, in principle, there is no reason why higher level influences such as management policies should not also be incorporated in SLIM analyses. 

This manual is not intended to stand completely on its own as a substitute for instruction, nor is it a text on basic demolitions. Its chief value should be to aid an instructor who already has a working knowledge of the subject in his training of action personnel. It also will serve as a refresher and guide to individuals who have been trained in these techniques but whose facility has declined from disuse. 

The finger prick technique is invasive, painful, and potentially dangerous, because of the risk of infection. Also, since it is not continuous, it is not possible to predict a blood glucose pattern over the day nor the exact dose of insulin needed. In addition, depending on the training of the individual performing the test, the results are subject to inaccuracy. 

A variety of measurement methods have been developed for determining the water activity of food materials and are well described in texts such as Rahman (1995), Wiederhold (1997), and Bell and Labuza (2000). In general, water activity is a relatively easy parameter to measure, which can be an advantage, especially for use in the food industry. Depending on the technique selected, the water activity of a food material can be measured in a time frame of minutes (e.g., electronic instrument). In addition, individuals can be trained, with a limited amount of instruction, to make water activity measurements. Consequently, when appropriate, water activity measurements can be made relatively quickly by personnel overseeing a manufacturing line for quality assurance purposes. Measurement protocols, such as calibration procedures and proper temperature control, should be implemented to assure the accuracy of online c/w measurements. 

Intracavernosal alprostadil was effective and well tolerated in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, according to the results of a 6-month study (funded by Pharmacia Upjohn) in 848 men (mean age 52 years) with at least a 4-month history of erectile dysfunction (12). This is provided that the individual dose is established by titration and patients receive training in injection techniques and periodic supervision during treatment. An initial dose was established for each patient and the patients then administered the alprostadil themselves at home. Of 727 evaluable patients, 682 (94%) had at least one erectile response after the injection of alprostadil, and 88% of injections lead to a satisfactory sexual response. The most commonly reported adverse event was penile pain, reported by 44% of patients, but only after 8% of injections. In just over half of the patients who had penile pain, the condition was reported as mild. Prolonged erection, penile fibrosis, and priapism occurred in 8,4, and 0.9% of patients respectively. Treatment was withdrawn because of medical events in 4% of patients, and drug-related events accounted for treatment withdrawal in 2% of patients. 

---