Trading approaches yields

The approach yields a steady-state control strategy design that is optimized for the particular economics and disturbance structures used, explicitly trading off reduced engineering costs against a potential drop in operational flexibility. 

Another recent copper-mediated approach for the construction of benzimidazole drugs uses a somewhat different strategy than those previously described. Inspired in part by Driver and Shen s iron(II)-catalyzed synthesis of benzimidazoles from aryl azides,Lee and co-workers have described a copper-catalyzed three-component synthesis of benzimidazoles from an o-haloaniline, an aldehyde, and sodium azide. Under the optimized conditions, the reaction proceeds with CuCl (5 mol%), TMEDA (5 mol%) in DMSO at 120 to afford benzimidazoles in moderate to high yields. The mechanism for this reaction has not been fully explored, but may involve the intermediacy of a 2-iminoaryl azide. This approach has been applied toward the one-pot synthesis of tiabendazole, a fungicide, and parasiticide sold under the trade names Mintezol and Tesederm. 

Alternatively, the traders can enter into a TR swap in which they pay the total return on the bond and receive LIBOR plus a spread. If the bond yield exceeds the LIBOR payment, the funding will be negative, but the trade will still gain if the bond falls in price by a sufficient amount. The traders will choose this alternative if the swaps break-even point— the price to which the bond must decline for a gain from the short sale to offset the trade s funding cost—is higher than in the repo approach. This is more likely if the bond is special. 

Because the future values for the reference index are not known, it is not possible to calculate the redemption yield of an FRN. On the coupon-reset dates, the note will be priced precisely at par. Between these dates, it will trade very close to par, because of the way the coupon resets. If market rates rise between reset dates, the note will trade slightly below par if rates fall, it will trade slightly above par. This makes FRNs behavior very similar to that of money market instruments traded on a yield basis, although, of course, the notes have much longer maturities. FRNs can thus be viewed either as money market instruments or as alternatives to conventional bonds. Similarly, they can be analyzed using two approaches. 

A number of different strategies for transmuting the minor actinides have been suggested. In general, the different approaches depend on trade-offs between the effectiveness of the partitioning steps (chemical yields and acceptable losses of the desired elements) and the degree of transmutation that can be achieved by various types of devices. 

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