Tracers helium isotopes

Stuart FM, Turner G, Dnckworth RC, Falhck AE (1994) Helium isotopes as tracers of trapped hydrothermal fluids in ocean-floor snlphides. Geology 22 823-826... 

Cecil LD, Green JR (2000) Radon-222. In Environmental tracers in subsurface hydrology. Cook P, Herczeg AL (eds) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, p 175-194 Christiansen JE (1944) Effect of entrapped air upon the permeability of soils. Soil Sci 58 355-365 Clark JF, Davisson ML, Hudson GB, Macfarlane PA (1998) Noble gases, stable isotopes, and radiocarbon as tracers of flow in the Dakota aquifer, Colorado and Kansas. J Hydrol 211 151-167 Clark JF, Hudson GB (2001) Quantifying the flux of hydrothermal fluids into Mono Lake by use of helium isotopes. Limnol Oceanogr 46 189-196... 

The name comes from the Greek xenon, meaning stranger. Xenon was discovered by William Ramsay (1852-1916) and Morris W. Travers (1872-1961) in 1898 as part of their search for a noble gas between helium and argon. It is present as a trace element in atmospheric air. It is the heaviest of the noble gases. It is used commercially in specialty lamps and lasers, as well as in sophisticated laboratory equipment such as bubble chambers and as a radioactive isotope used as a tracer. 

O Nions RK, McKenzie D (1993) Estimates of mantle thorium/uranium ratios from Th, U and Pb isotopic abnndances in basaltic melts. Phil Trans R Soc Lond A342 65-74 O Nions RK, Oxbnrgh ER (1983) Heat and helium in the Earth. Nature 306 429-431 O Nions RK, Tolstikhin IN (1994) Behaviour and residence times of lithophile and rare gas tracers in the npper mantle. EarthPlanet Sci Lett 124 131-138... 

Jean-Baptiste P (1992) Helium-3 distribution in the deep world ocean its relation to hydrothermal He fluxes and to the terrestrial heat budget. In Isotopes of noble gases as tracers in environmental studies. Loosh H, Mazor E (eds) Inti Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, p 219-240. 

Radioactive isotopes for tracer studies may be prepared artificially from nonradioactive elements by bombarding them with suitable nuclear particles produced in a cyclotron or a nuclear reactor. The discovery of this effect was made in 1934 by the French physicists Irene Joliot-Curie (1897-1956) and her husband Frederic Joliot-Curie (1900-1958). They were studying the effect of bombarding light elements such as aluminum with alpha (a) particles, which are beams of helium nuclei, fHe. They noticed that, after the bombardment had ceased, a new form of radiation continued to be emitted, and they concluded that a new isotope had been formed. In the case of the bombardment of ordinary aluminum, HAl, with a particles, the product is an isotopic form of phosphorus, ifP, the most abundant isotope of phosphorus being f P. The process is... 

CFCs in the Ocean. Long-Term Tracer Changes. Oxygen Isotopes in the Ocean. Stable Carbon Isotope Variations in the Ocean. Tritium-Helium Dating. 

The presence of radioactive decay products In lead sources or tracers obtained from natural sources is undesirable for some applications. A number of lead Isotopes can be produced in carrier-free form and In high yield by helium-Ion bombardment of mercury or by protnn or deuteron bombardment of thallium targets. The isotopes prepared in this way and the relevant reactions are indicated In Table I. 

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